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anatomical direction > Diagnostic imaging > Flashcards

Diagnostic imaging Flashcards

1
Q

four properties of x-rays which make the dangers
easily underestimated?

A
  • They are invisible
  • They are painless
  • The effects can take years
  • Effects are cumulative
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2
Q

most susceptible cells to ionising radiation?

A

gonads and young animals

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3
Q

Effects of Radiation?

A
  • Generalised inflammation
  • Blood disorders
  • Death of tissues/necrosis
  • Death/mutation of foetus
  • Damage to gonads
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4
Q

Somatic Effects of radiation

A

Reddening of skin
Cracking of skin
Blood disorders
Cataracts
Digestive issues

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5
Q

Carcinogenic Effects

A

Tumours

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6
Q

Genetic Effects of radiation?

A

mutated chromosomes /inherited abnormalities

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7
Q

Ionising Radiation Regulations (IRR) 2017

A

Principles of radiation protection work

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8
Q

Radiography should only be
performed when…?

A
  • Justifiable clinical reason
  • Exposure is kept to a minimum
  • Dose limits are not exceeded
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9
Q

What does the ‘Guidance Notes for the Safe
Use of Ionising Radiations in
Veterinary Practice’ cover?

A

Legislation specific
to veterinary covering premises, equipment, personnel
and procedures

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10
Q

3 main sources of radiation

A
  • Leakage from tube head – faulty
    equipment
  • Exposure to the primary beam
  • Exposure to scattered radiation
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11
Q

How to check for Leakage From The Tube Head?

A

Tape a non screen film to the tube head, leave for a few
exposures and then process it; any cracks in the tube
head will cause black lines to appear on the film

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12
Q

How Can We Reduce Scattered Radiation? (6)

A
  • Collimate
  • Reduce KV
  • Use lead backed cassettes
  • Use lead topped tables
  • Compress large areas of soft tissue
  • Use grids.
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13
Q

Responsibility of Suppliers of X-ray machines safety?

A
  • Legal: To ensure safe and correct functioning.
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14
Q

Responsibility of Veterinary practice of X-ray safety?

A

Legal responsibility: Annual service
* Individual staff

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15
Q

RADIATION PROTECTION SUPERVISOR Role?

A

appointed within the practice
* Responsible for radiography is carried out safely (local rules are obeyed)
* RPS does not need to be present
for every examination

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16
Q

RADIATION PROTECTION ADVISOR role

A

RPA is appointed outside of practice
* VS with Dip in Vet Radiography
and knowledge of radiation physics
* Medical physicist
* RPA gives advice on radiation protection, controlled areas and Local Rules.

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17
Q

what are local rules?

A

Set of instructions written by
Radiation Protection Advisor
(RPA)

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18
Q

The Controlled Area must have

A
  • Warning sign
  • Visible lights
  • Warning buzzer
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19
Q

ALARP?

A

As Low As Reasonably Practicable
(The principle of keeping each individual’s dose)

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20
Q

Dose meter testing

A

Every 4 – 12 weeks
(Reports kept for at least 2 years)

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21
Q

Dosimeter Film Badge

A

Blue: contains small
pieces of x-ray film

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22
Q

Thermo-Luminescent Dosimeter Badge (TLDB)

A

Orange/Purple: contain
Lithium Fluoride crystals that
are radiation sensitive

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23
Q

Records of x-ray doses

A
  1. Date
  2. Patient details
  3. Region radiographed
  4. Exposure factors
  5. Staff
  6. Owner/case number
  7. Animals breed and weight
  8. Projection/view
  9. Image quality
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24
Q

Are protons positive or negative

A

Positive

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25
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

the shorter the wavelength, the higher the
frequency and the greater the energy

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26
Q

Are electrons positive or negative

A

negative

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27
Q

Structure of Atom

A

Nucleus: protons and neutrons
Orbiting: electrons

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28
Q

What is the atomic number

A

The number of protons or electrons is unique to the atoms of
each element.

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29
Q

Elements with a low atomic number are…?

A

radiolucent

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30
Q

Elements with a high atomic number are…?

A

radiopaque

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31
Q

polychromatic?

A

photons of varying energy

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32
Q

Milliamperage

A

quantity

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33
Q

Kilovoltage

A

quality

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34
Q

line focus principle

A

Anode slanted to:
1. Increase surface area
2. focus the beam for clearer image

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35
Q

Benefit of Small focal spot?

A

fine detail e.g. limbs

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36
Q

Benefit of Broad/Course focal spot

A

Areas that require a higher
exposure e.g. abdomen or chest

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37
Q

Rotating Anodes

A

Higher exposures
Dispersing heat more effectively
The target is always rotating
Molybdenum rod

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38
Q

Penumbra Effect

A

Partial shadow’

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39
Q

Line Voltage Compensator

A

Control voltage

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40
Q

Exposure Button

A

2 stage press
Half press- heats up filament
Full press- Applies kV

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41
Q

Light Beam Diaphragm

A

collimates the beam

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42
Q

Effect of kV

A

Higher the kV, the greater the
energy of the x-ray photons
produced
* Greater their penetrating
power

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43
Q

Effect of mA and Time

A

Higher the mA, the more x-ray
photons will be produced
* Increasing the beams intensity

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44
Q

The 10 kv rule

A

Increase kV by 10
Half the mAs

Decrease kV by 10
Doubling the mAs

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45
Q

Degree of X-ray absorption
depends on

A
  • Tissue thickness
  • Molecular density (atomic number)
46
Q

Focal–Film Distance (FFD)

A

Distance between focal point and film
(Its intensity (mAs) falls as it moves
away from the tube, as it spreads
over a larger area. The opposite
happens if closer to the tube)

47
Q

Increasing kV increases the
penetration and therefore
produces

A

darker film

48
Q

Too low a kV will not penetrate
tissues, therefore appearing

A

white on film with black background
(high contrast film)

49
Q
  • Increasing the mAs produces more x-rays to blacken the film, but with
    no more penetrating power
A

Overall picture will appear darker

50
Q
  • Metal
  • Fat
  • Soft tissue or fluid
  • Bone
  • Gas
A

-White
-nearly white
-mid grey
-grey
-Black

51
Q

X-ray wavelengths are measured in units known as?

A

ANGSTROM

52
Q

x-ray energy is called?

A

photons or quanta

53
Q

The anode

A

Positively charged

54
Q

The catode

A

Negatively Charged

55
Q

Which electrode produces electrons

A

The cathode

56
Q

THERMIONIC EMISSION?

A

A cloud of electrons

57
Q

Filament facts

A

Is heated by the electric current.
made of tungsten
Can be coiled

58
Q

Function of STEP-DOWN or filament transformer

A

Reduces mains current

59
Q

STEP-UP or high tension transformer

A

creates a HIGH POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

60
Q

focusing cup is made of?

A

molybdenum

61
Q

Purpose of glass envelope/vacuum

A

Stops electrons colliding with are and slowing speed

62
Q

Purpose of aluminium filter?

A

Removes low energy photons

63
Q

Film Focal Distance (FFD)

A

Distance between focal spot and X-ray

64
Q

the two types of Digital Radiography

A
  • Computed radiography (CR)
    (uses imaging plate)
  • Direct digital radiography (DDR)
    (goes straight to computer)
65
Q

DICOM

A

Digital imaging and
communications in medicine

66
Q

Benefits of DICOM

A
  • Preventing tampering with
    original image
  • Ensures consistency of file
    type between all radiographic
    systems
67
Q

When to use a GRID

A

On the thicker parts of the patient such as CHEST (over 15cm) and
ABDOMEN (over 10cm)

68
Q

What influences scatter

A
  • Duration of x-ray production (s)
  • Thickness of tissue
  • Focus of the x-ray beam
69
Q

How to reduce scatter

A
  • Reduce the s and increase the mA (if possible)
  • Accurately select exposure factors
  • Collimate the primary beam
  • Use a grid
70
Q

Grid factor

A

2.5 - 3

71
Q

Types of grids

A

Stationary Grids
* Parallel Grid
* Focussed Grid
* Pseudo-focussed Grid
* Crossed
Moving Grid
* Potter-Bucky diaphragm

72
Q

features of Parallel grid?

A
73
Q

features of Focused grid

A
  • Must be central
  • Can prevent grid cut off
  • Lead strips angled
  • Correct FFD must be used
  • right way up
74
Q

Features of Pseudo-focused grid

A
  • Combination of focused and parallel grid
  • Parallel strips get shorter towards the periphery
  • Must be central
75
Q

Crossed grid features

A

Only allow high energy x-rays through
equine

76
Q

Moving Grids

A
  • Built in to table
  • Moves slightly during exposure
  • Eliminates grid lines
  • Grid factor = 4
77
Q

Care Of Grids

A
  • Careful handling
  • Do not drop
  • Clean regularly
  • Correct storage
78
Q

Information Needed On A BVA Hip And Elbow
Score Radiograph

A
  • Date
  • Kennel club number
  • Left/Right marker
  • Microchip number
79
Q

Safe Lighting used for manual radiography

A

Low intensity lights (brown or red filters)
* Bulb <15W
1.2/4ft from the workbench?

80
Q

Positive Contrast Media

A

Contain elements of high atomic number
radio-opaque/ Appear white
* Provide positive contrast in comparison to soft tissues

81
Q

Negative Contrast Media

A

Gases (room air, N2O, O2, CO2)
* Low density
* radiolucent
* Appear black
* Used in bladder and gut

82
Q

Double-Contrast Studies

A

positive and negative contrast media in hollow organs
to aid mucosal detail

Colon, bladder, stomach

83
Q

Types of Positive Contrast Media

A
  • Barium sulphate preparations
  • Ionic water-soluble iodine preparations
  • Non-ionic water-soluble iodine preparations
84
Q

Barium Sulphate

A

White, chalky material
Used exclusively in the gut
* CONTRAINDICATED IF GUT PERFORATED
aspirated may cause pneumonia
sequence X-rays every 15-60mins

85
Q

Ionic Water-Soluble Iodine Preparations

A

injected into bloodstream
* Anaphylaxis rare but a possibility
* Excreted by kidney
* Outline upper urinary tract

86
Q

Ionic water-soluble iodine preparations

A
  • Sodium Diatrizoate
  • Sodium Iothalmate
  • Sodium Ioxaglate
87
Q

Non-Ionic Low Osmolar Water-Soluble Iodine Preparations

A

Myelography
IV studies
cisternal or lumbar puncture
Shows opacification of the CSF demonstrating the spinal cord

88
Q

Barium liquid amount

A

5-50ml

89
Q

Portal venography

A

Assess blood flow through liver

90
Q

Dacryocystorhinography

A

Assess naso-lacrimal duct
patency

91
Q

Angiography

A

Assess size and location of
arteries or veins

92
Q

Bronchography

A

Assess the respiratory tree

93
Q

Computed Tomography (CT Scanning)

A

detailed cross-sectional radiograph
banana shaped detector
1x360° lap =1,000 profiles
Measured in Hounsfield units

94
Q

Nuclear Medicine
(Scintigraphy)

A

Administration of a radioactive
pharmaceutical = isotopes/ Gamma

95
Q

Two Licenses must be obtained
from Environmental Agency for scintigraphy

A

Registration
(Keeping and using isotopes)

Authorisation
(Governing the accumulation and
disposal of radioactive waste)

96
Q

Common sites Scintigraphy is used?

A

Bone Scintigraphy
Renal Scintigraphy
Thyroid Scintigraphy
Portal Scintigraphy

97
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI

A

MRI create detailed images of the
body or brain by applying nuclear magnetic resonance

98
Q

T1-weighted scan

A
  • Fluid is dark
99
Q

T2-weighted scan

A

Fluid is bright

100
Q

Sound wve frequency of ultrasound

A

2.5-15 MHz

101
Q

Transducer

A

Electric current causes crystals
to vibrate and change shape

102
Q
  • Piezoelectric effect
A
103
Q

Ultrasound linear array

A

Piezoelectric crystals in line and
image is rectangular

104
Q

sector scanner

A

Crystals closer together, small
patient contact area needed
Triangular image showing
deeper tissues more effectively

105
Q

Echogenicity

A

differences in
overall brightness of tissue

106
Q

Anechoic

A

black

107
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Darker than normal

108
Q

Hyperechoic

A

Brighter than normal

109
Q

Endoscopy

A

Optical devices giving visual
access to inside the body

110
Q

Rigid Endoscopes - Uses

A
  • Otoscopy
  • Rhinoscopy
  • Tracheoscopy
  • Colonoscopy
  • Vaginoscopy and
    urethrocystoscopy
  • Laparoscopy
  • Thoracoscopy
  • Arthroscopy
111
Q
A
112
Q
A

anatomical direction (24 decks)

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