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anatomical direction > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions Of The Nervous System

A

To receive information from external and internal stimuli
* To interpret and integrate information received
* To bring about necessary response

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2
Q

Neurons

A

basic functional units of the nervous system

Responsible for transmission of nerve impulses throughout nervous tissue

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3
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

supply nutrients to and carry waste material
away from neurons

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4
Q

Neuroglia (Glia Cells)

A

support to neurons.
insulation
communication
nutrient
waste transport.

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5
Q

Neuron Structure

A

Neuron body - contains nucleus
Dendrites - Carries nerve
impulses towards cell
Axon - conducts nerve
impulses away

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6
Q

sensory receptors respond to what stimuli

A

heat, cold, touch, pressure,
stretch, physical changes.

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7
Q

White matter

A

tissue containing myelinated axons

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8
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the
myelin sheath on an axon

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9
Q

where are Sensory Nerves (Afferent) found?

A

Found in the skin, muscles,
bones, internal organs and part of a specialised sense organ (in the eye or ear)

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10
Q

Connector or Intercalated
Neuron

A

Lies between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

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11
Q

Motor Nerves (Efferent)

A

Send the impulse away from the CNS to a muscle or gland to promote an action

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12
Q

Visceral Fibres

A

A neuron that send impulses to the CNS in response to changes in organs

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13
Q

Somatic Fibres

A

Sense of touch
voluntary movement

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14
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies outside of the
CNS

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15
Q

Receptor

A

Sensory Nerve Ending

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16
Q

Effector

A

carries out an activity, instructed by the nervous system

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17
Q

SYNAPSES

A

Impulses passed from 1
neurone to another

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18
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

A

A neuron to a muscle fibre

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19
Q

depolarised

A

neuron becomes less negative

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20
Q

hyperpolarised

A

the inside of a neuron becomes more negative

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21
Q

Resting potential

A

the imbalance of electrical charge
between the negative charge of the cell contents and positive charge of the cell membrane

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22
Q

Action potential

A

Are the nerve impulses

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger.
transmits messages between neurons or to muscle

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24
Q

Nervous System is divided into ?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) Brain/Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves running in and out of the CNS

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25
Q

Grey matter

A

cell bodies with little or no myelin

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26
Q

Brain functions

A

Controls and co-ordinates all the body’s normal activities

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27
Q

glia cells

A

support and protect the neurons

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28
Q

sections of the brain

A

Forebrain
-Cerebrum/Thalamus/
Hypothalamus

Midbrain

Hindbrain
-Medulla oblongata, Pons & Cerebellum

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29
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum

A

To maintain a flow of information between the two
halves of the cerebrum

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30
Q

Gyri -

A

folds in cerebral
hemispheres

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31
Q

Sulci

A

shallow grooves
separating the gyri

32
Q

Fissures

A

deep grooves
separating the gyr

33
Q
  • Longitudinal fissure -
A

prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

Cerebrum 4 lobes

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
35
Q

Forebrain Thalamus

A

Processes information from
sense organs

36
Q

Forebrain -Hypothalamus

A

Links endocrine and nervous
systems
Homeostasis

37
Q

Optic Chiasma

A

Where the optic nerve crosses

38
Q

Midbrain

A

Passes impulses between the hind
and the forebrain

39
Q

Hindbrain - Cerebellum

A

Fine tuning voluntary movement

40
Q

Hindbrain - Pons and Medulla

A

Pons = Sends messages through brain. Important in respiration

Medulla Oblongata = Involuntary Actions.

41
Q

Cranium

A

Boney shell protecting the brain

42
Q

Ventricular system in the brain

A

Canals/cavities and ventricles inside the brain and
spinal cord Filled with CSF

43
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Circulates between layers of the meninges & ventricles
Protection

44
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid appearance

A

similar to plasma

45
Q

Meninges layers starting from skull

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

46
Q

Blood-brain Barrier

A

Neuroglial cells surround blood capillaries in the brain
Forming an almost impermeable layer

47
Q

Where does the the spinal start and end

A

Medulla oblongata to Lumbar 6-7

48
Q

Cauda Equina

A

where spinal nerves split at L6-7

49
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary part of the nervous
system that coordinates a body’s movements

50
Q

Cranial nerves leave

A

the brain

51
Q

Spinal nerves leave

A

the spinal cord

52
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves leaving brain
Sensory/Motor/mixed

53
Q

Olfactory nerve = sense of smell (roman numeral)

A

I (1)

54
Q

Optic nerve = sight (roman numeral)

A

II (2)

55
Q

Vestibulocochlear = hearing and balance (roman numeral)

A

VIII (8)

56
Q

Oculomotor (roman numeral)

A

III (3)

57
Q

Trochlear nerve (roman numeral)

A

IV (4)

58
Q

Abducens (roman numeral)

A

VI (6)

59
Q

Facial: muscles of facial expression
(roman numeral)

A

VII (7)

60
Q

Accessory: muscles of neck and shoulder(roman numeral)

A

XI (11)

61
Q

Hypoglossal: muscles of tongue(roman numeral)

A

XII (12)

62
Q

Trigeminal
(roman numeral)

A

V (5)

63
Q

Glossopharyngeal
(roman numeral)

A

IX (9)

64
Q

Vagus
(roman numeral)

A

X (10)

65
Q

Spinal nerves Dorsal root

A

Carries sensory fibres from the body towards the spinal cord

66
Q

Spinal nerves Ventral root

A

Carries motor fibres away from the spinal cord towards organs.

67
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

autonomic nervous system is the involuntary part of the nervous system (homeostasis)

68
Q

Involuntary nerves

A

Sympathetic - prepares the
body for action (fight or flight)
* Parasympathetic - generally
has a more calming effect (rest
and digest)

69
Q

what system is responsible for the ‘Fright, Flight And Fight’ response

A

Sympathetic nervous system

70
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Protective mechanism causing
a rapid response to potentially
dangerous stimuli

71
Q

Monosynaptic or simple arch reflexes

A

These involve 1 synapse in the
pathway – e.g. patella reflex

72
Q

Polysynaptic or complex arch reflex

A

Involving at least 1 intercalated neuron
and synapses in the pathway – e.g. withdrawal reflex

73
Q

Common Reflexes Tested

A
  • Pedal
  • Panniculus
  • Palpebral
  • Pupillary light
  • Patella
  • Anal
74
Q

Peripheral Nerve Pathways Of The Forelimb

A

Brachial plexus
Radial Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar nerve

75
Q

Peripheral Nerve Pathways Of The Hindlimb

A

lumbosacral plexus
Sciatic Nerve
Femoral Nerve
Phrenic Nerve

76
Q

CNS glial cells

A

Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia

77
Q

Peripheral cells

A

Satellite
Schwann

anatomical direction (21 decks)

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