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Pharmacology > Pharm Quiz 5 - Werner TS > Flashcards

Pharm Quiz 5 - Werner TS Flashcards

repro, cancer, food safety,

1
Q

What are three things that cause uncontrolled proliferation in cancer cells?

A

growth factors
intracellular signaling pathways
telomerase expression

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2
Q

What 2 tumors is remission usually achieved?

A

malignant lymphoma and tvt

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3
Q

What type of drug forms covalent bonds with DNA and impedes replication?

A

alkylating drugs

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4
Q

What do protein kinase inhibitors do?

A

inhibition of tyrosine kinase that transduce growth signals in rapidly dividing cells

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5
Q

What are the 4 main problems associated with giving chemotherapy?

A
  1. extravasation of drug
  2. anaphylactic rxns
  3. toxic side effects
  4. acute tumor lysis syndrome
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6
Q

What can acute tumor lysis syndrome cause?

A

high uric acid, high P, high Ca, high K, acidosis –> depression, vomiting, hyperventilation

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7
Q

What can BCG (bacille calmetter guerin) be used for?

A

enhance tumor destruction, SCC

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8
Q

What are the SE of BCG?

A

local and systemic anaphylaxis

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9
Q

What is the MOA of cisplatin?

A

local denaturation of DNA

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10
Q

What are the SE of cisplatin?

A

nephrotoxic, low myelotoxicity, nausea

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11
Q

What is the MOA of methotrexate?

A

antimetabolite, folate antagonist

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12
Q

What are the SE of methotrexate?

A

bone marrow suppression, GIT irritation

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13
Q

What is the MOA of 5-flourouracil?

A

DNA inhibition

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14
Q

What is the MOA of alkylating agents?

A

formation of a carbonium ion –> intereferes with transcription and replication

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15
Q

What are the SE of alkylating agents?

A

BM, GI, sterility, cross resistance

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16
Q

What are the SE of cyclophosphamide?

A

alopecia, hemorrhagic cystitis

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17
Q

What alkylating agents are in the nitrogen mustard group?

A

cyclophosphamide, melphalan, chorambucil, ifosfamide

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18
Q

What is the slowest working alkylating agent and therefore lowest chance of toxicity?

A

chlorambucil

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19
Q

What alkylating drug is a oral nitrosurea drug?

A

lomustine

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20
Q

What kind of alkylating drug is dacarbazine?

A

non classical

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21
Q

What can cytotoxic antibiotics not be combined with to avoid toxicity?

A

radiotherapy

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22
Q

What is the MOA of doxorubicin and the anthracyclines?

A

inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis

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23
Q

What is the MOA of dactinomycin?

A

intercalates in DNA interfering with RNA polymerase and with action of top II

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24
Q

What is the MOA of bleomycin?

A

fragmentation of DNA chains, non dividing cells

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25
Q

What is the MOA of L-asparaginase?

A

depletes intracellular stores of l asparagine –> no protein synthesis

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26
Q

What are the SE of L-asparaginase?

A

hypersensitivity, pacreatitis

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27
Q

What is the MOA of the plant derivitave periwinkle chemotherapy drugs? (vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine)

A

bind to tubulin, inhibit polymerizaton to microtubules - arrest in metaphase

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28
Q

What are the SE of plant derivatives vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine?

A

mild BM, parasthesia, muscle weakness

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29
Q

What are the MOA of paclitaxel and docetaxel?

A

stabilize microtubules in polymerized state

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30
Q

How is paclitaxel and docetaxel given?

A

paclitaxel - IV

docetaxel - PO

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31
Q

What are teh SE of paclitaxel and docetaxel?

A

serious BM, cumulative neurotoxicity, dont use in horses

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32
Q

What tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used for mast cell tumors and sarcomas in dogs and cats?

A

imatinib

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33
Q

What tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used for mast cell tumors in dogs only?

A

mastinib

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34
Q

What antibody drug combats ErbB-1 expressing tumors?

35
Q

What antibody drug combats ErbB-2 expressing tumors?

A

trastuzumab

36
Q

What antibody drug combats VEGFR in mastocytoma cells?

A

bevacizumab

37
Q

What can cause tumors to develop glucocorticoid resistance?

A

induction of PgP expression

38
Q

What drugs are helpful in perianal gland tumors?

A

anti-androgens

39
Q

What drug is a selective inhibitor of estrogen receptors?

40
Q

What drugs may be useful in some mammary tumors?

A

anti-prostagens

41
Q

How can a tumor develop resistance against doxorubucin?

A

altered activity of the target

42
Q

How can a tumor develop resistance against alkylating agents?

A

rapid repair of drug induced lesions

43
Q

What does FSH stimulate in the female?

A

follicular growth, LH receptors, estrogen production

44
Q

What does LH stimulate in the female?

A

estrogen production, rupture of follicle, progesterone by CL

45
Q

What does FSH stimulate in male?

A

protein and nutrients for sertoli cells –> sperm

46
Q

What does LH stimulate in male?

A

testosterone synthesis in leydig cells

47
Q

What G protein receptor is GnRH?

48
Q

What are the messengers involved in GnRh receptor signaling?

A

Gq –>Phospho C –>IP3 + DAG –> Ca + PKC –> MAP kinase –> gene expression

49
Q

What is the synthetic GnRH preperation?

A

gonadorelin

50
Q

What kind of dosing is need for gonadorelin for infertility therapy?

A

intermittent dosing (mimicking physio)

51
Q

What does continuous administration of gonadorelin do?

A

suppression of gonadotropin release - chemical castration/limit estrus

52
Q

What are the 4 gonadotropins?

A

Lh, FSH, hCG, eCG

53
Q

What do all the gonadotropins have in common with their structure?

A

glycosylated heterodimers with alpha and beta subunits

54
Q

Which 2 gonadotropins have 82% homology?

A

LH and hCG

55
Q

Which subunit of the gonadotropins confers specificity?

A

the beta subunit (where and how strong it will bind)

56
Q

What feedback effect do steroid hormones have on the pituatary and hypothalamus?

57
Q

What kind of receptors are FSH and LH?

A

g-coupled –> adenylate cyclase -> increase cAMP (different than GnRH which is Gq)

58
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) used for clinically? why?

A

induce ovulation in mares with appropriate follicle size

similar to equine LH

59
Q

What is the difference between hCG and LH?

A

hCG lasts alot longer (is a glycoprotein)

60
Q

What produces equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)?

A

endometrial cups to induce secondary corpora lutea

61
Q

What are the 2 effects of eCG?

A

primarily FSH –> increase follicular growth

LH activity –> ovulation and luteinization

62
Q

What is the clinical use of eCG?

A

ovarian follicle growth in anestrus sheep or goats, induction of estrus in pigs

63
Q

What are the adverse effects of eCG?

A

immunological rxns to antibody formation, loss of efficacy

64
Q

What molecule is oxytocin very similar to?

A

vasopressin

65
Q

What transports oxytocin from the hypothalamus to pituatary?

A

oxytocin-neurophysin 1 complex

66
Q

What is the natural prostaglandin produced by endometrium of farm animals?

A

PGF2 alpha

67
Q

What is the MOA of PGF 2 alpha?

A

Gq coupled - IP3 - Ca - protein kinase C (similar to GnRH

68
Q

What are the 2 effects of PGF 2 alpha?

A

steroidgenesis and luteolysis

69
Q

What are the adverse effects of prostaglandin analogs?

A

contracts smooth muscle - GI, etc

retained placenta

70
Q

What are the 3 clinical uses of prostaglandin analogs?

A

estrus synchronization
abortion and partruition
uterine contractions in mares for mating induced endometritis

71
Q

What protein transports estrogens?

A

sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

72
Q

What estrogen has low oral bioavailability because of the first pass effect?

73
Q

What are the effects of estrogens?

A

modify protein levels, reduce bone resorption, negative feedback on LH and FSH

74
Q

What are the adverse effects of using estrogens?

A

breast cancer (humans), endometrial hyperplasia, uterine carcinoma

75
Q

Why must synthetic progesterone analogs be used?

A

rapidly metabolized in liver, short half life of regular progesterone

76
Q

What is the clinical use of progesterone?

A

induce long lasting ovarian suppression and estrus synchronization (bad behavior in mares)

77
Q

What is the MOA of progesterone analogs?

A

acts on receptors in hypo and pitua, suppress LH and FSH

78
Q

What receptors do anabolic steroids have an effect?

A

nuclear receptors - ligand gated transcription factors

79
Q

What is the alkylated anabolic steroid used?

80
Q

What is the non alkylated anabolic steroid?

A

nandrolone

81
Q

What are the adverse effects of anabolic steroids?

A

weight gain, hepatotoxic, carcinogenicity

82
Q

What are some drugs that can not be used in food producing animals?

A

antibiotics, diethylstilbesterol, clenbuterol, dipyrone, antiviral drugs (adamanane, neuraminidase inhibitors)

83
Q

What are approved drugs for extralabel used in food animals?

A

enrofloxacin, sulfonamides, medicated feeds

84
Q

What drug can only be used extralable in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older?

A

phenylbutazone

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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