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Anthelmintics Flashcards

Kumar

1
Q

What are vermifuges?

A

expel parasites from intestinal tract

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2
Q

What are vermicides?

A

kill intestinal parasite, then expel

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3
Q

Which 2 drugs are an exception and produce pharmacological effects?

A

organphosphates

levimasole

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4
Q

What species is levamisole used in?

A

ruminants and pigs

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5
Q

What species is praziquantel used in?

A

dogs, cats, horses

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6
Q

What species is piperazine salts used in?

A

monogastric

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7
Q

What drugs are used just for ruminants?

A

salicylanilides, nitroxynil, clorsulon

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8
Q

What drug groups are antinematodals?

A

Benzimidazoles, Probenzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles, tetrahydropyrimidies, organophosphates, macrocyclic lactones, piperazine compounds

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9
Q

What is the prodrug that is converted into benzimidazole carbamates?

A

probenzimidazoles (netobimin and febantel)

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10
Q

Which 2 BZDs are water soluble and are limited in absorption from GI tract?

A

albendazole

oxfendazole

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11
Q

What drug does netobimin get metabolized to?

A

albendazole

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12
Q

What probenzimidazole cannot be given to pregnant dogs and cats?

A

febantel - vercom paste and drontal plus

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13
Q

What drugs are under tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

pyrantel and morantel

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14
Q

What is the mode of action of tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

depolarazing muscular blockade

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15
Q

Which species eliminates pyrantel by urine while all the others by feces?

A

dogs

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16
Q

What is the methyl ester analog of pyrantel?

A

morantel

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17
Q

What parasitic infections do organophosphates treat in ruminants?

A

nematode parasites of abomasum and intestine

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18
Q

What are the antidotes for organophosphate toxicity?

A

atropine and pralidoxime

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19
Q

What are the two major groups of macrocyclic lactones?

A

avermectins

milbemycins

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20
Q

What are the 5 avermectin drugs?

A

abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, selamectin

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21
Q

What are the 2 milbemycin drugs?

A

milbemycin oxime and moxidectin

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22
Q

What is the MOA for macrocyclic lactones?

A

bind to glutamate gated chloride channels, inhibits GABA

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23
Q

What breeds are sensitive to ivermectin?

A

australian shepherds and collie breeds, murrah gray cattle

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24
Q

Which avermectin is highly effective against screw worms?

A

doramectin

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25
What avermectin deposits in sebaceous glands that act as reservoirs?
selamectin
26
What other avermectin can be used in collies sensitive to ivermectin and also pregnant animals?
selamectin
27
What macrocyclic lactone can be used prophylactically for heartworm in ivermectin sensitive collies and in microfiliaria infested dogs?
milbemycin
28
What can happen in very heavily infested microfilaria dogs when given milbemycin? How is it treated?
shock | corticosteroids and fluids
29
What milbemycin drug is more lipophilic?
moxidectin
30
What is the MOA for piperazine compounds?
GABA receptor agonist - hyperpolarizes membrane
31
Why should piperazine treatments be repeated every 2 to 4 weeks?
effective more against adult stages
32
What animals can piperazine be used in?
monogastric species
33
What can piperazine be combined with to increase activity against cyathostomes?
BZD drugs
34
What salt form of piperazine can be given in the feed?
citrate or adipate salts
35
What are the CS of large doses of piperazine in dogs and cats?
emesis, diarhea, incordination, head pressing
36
What are the contraindications of piperazine?
chronic renal/liver dz | heavy ascarid infections (impaction)
37
What group does diethylcarbamazine citrate fall under?
piperazine compounds
38
What is the only use of diethylcarbamazine citrate?
heartworm prevention
39
What is the MOA of DEC?
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in parasite
40
How often does DEC need to be administered?
daily
41
When should DEC not be used?
microfilaria positive dogs --> hypovolemic shock
42
What are the 2 heartworm adulticides that inhibit cell glycolysis?
thiacertarsamide sodium | melarsomine
43
What are nematodes?
whipworms, roundworms, ascarids
44
What are cestodes?
flatworms, tapeworms
45
What are trematodes?
flukes
46
What is the MOA of heartoworm adulticides?
inhibit cell glycolysis
47
What animals should not be given thiacertersamide sodium?
liver/kidney fxn problems
48
How is melarsomine better than thiacetersamide sodium?
more potent, better bioavalability
49
What is required after treatment for heartworm infection?
rest for 2 weeks, limited exercise for 6 weeks
50
What are the 3 groups of anticestodal drugs?
natural organic, synthetic organic benzimidazoles
51
What drug is effective against taenia and diplydium spp in dogs and cats?
dichlorophen
52
What anti cestodal drug is effective against tapeworms and rumen flukes in ruminants?
resorantel
53
What anticestodal drug has wide spectrum effect against adult and immature stages and some trematodes?
praziquantel
54
What is the MOA of praziquantel?
Calcium release from muscle cells, membrane integrity compromised, vacuolization, burst, allow WBC to go in
55
What is the difference between praziquantel and epsiprantel?
epsiprantel not absorbed from GIT - treats cestodes ONLY
56
What do regular benzimidazoles treat?
nematodes
57
What do substituted BZDs treat?
certain tapeworms and flukes
58
What are the anticestodal BZDs?
mebendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, albendazole
59
What cestode is important in equine medicine?
anoplocephala perfoliata
60
What drugs are effective against anoplocephala perfoliata?
pyrantel, niclosamide, dichlorophen, mebendazole and praziquantel
61
What are the important trematodal infections in veterinary med?
Fasciolosis rumen flukes lung flukes - dogs and cats
62
What is bithionol sulfoxide effective against?
rumen flukes and liver flukes of ruminants
63
What are the groups of drugs that are antitrematodal?
bithionol sulfoxide, nitroxynil, salicylanilides, sulfonamides, benzimidazoles
64
What are the 3 salicylanidlide drugs?
closantel, rafoxanide, oxyclozanide
65
What different spectrum does oxyclozanide have?
rumen flukes
66
What is the MOA of salicylanilides?
uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
67
What drug is effective against resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus?
Closantel (also nitroxynil in sheep)
68
What antitrematodal is combined with levamisole to produce broad spectrum helminth activity?
oxyclozanide
69
What type of drug is clorsulon?
sulfonamide
70
What is the MOA of clorsulon?
glycolytic enzyme inhibition of F. hepatica
71
What 2 sulfonamides treat F. hepatica?
clorsulon and albendazole
72
How is clorsulon administered?
oral, SC | safe in all animals
73
What can treat pancreatic flukes in cats?
fenbendazole
74
What is triclabendazole metabolized into?
sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives
75
How long does triclabendazole derivatives last in the plasma?
7 days (very bound to albumin)
76
What is netobimin?
probenzimidazole effective against adult fulkes
77
Why is rafoxanide (and closantel) effective against immature flukes?
extensively plasma protein binding, persistence
78
What are the drugs effective against immature liver flukes only?
diamphenethid
79
How is diamphenethide metabolized?
deacytylation by liver enzymes to an amine metabolite effective against immature flukes
80
What drug is 100% effective against immature F.hepatica?
diamphenethide (treats acute fasciolosis)
81
What can intestinal paramphistomosis be treated with?
resorantel and bithional
82
What can paragonimiasis(lung fluke in dogs and cats) be treated with?
bithionol, prazi, albendazole and fenbendazole
83
What antihelminth drug is an immunostimulant?
levimasole | cell mediated response
84
What animals should not have levimasole?
horses
85
What animals are most antitrematodals given to?
ruminants
86
What drug is contraindicated in early preganancy?
BZDs (except mebendazole, fenbendazole, flubendazole and oxibendazole)
87
How are BZDs administered?
orally only
88
What does drontal plus have in it?
febantel, pyrantel pamoate, praziquantel
89
What 4 drugs should not be given to animals under stress or chronic disease conditions?
Dichlorvos Organophosphates Levimasole Pyrantel
90
What does the commercial product vercom contain?
febantel and praziquantel
91
What animals is febantel used in?
horses, dogs, cats
92
What animals is netobimin used in?
ruminants
93
How are imidazothiazoles administered?
All 3 ways
94
What is the spectrum of levimasole?
GI and lung nematodes (not in horses)
95
What drug do you need gloves for?
levimasole
96
What other drugs should not be combined with levimasole?
other neuromuscular blockade drugs - pyrantel
97
Which pyrantel salt is well absorbed orally?
pyrantel tartrate
98
Which pyrantel salt reaches the lower intestine to kill pinworms?
pyrantel pamoate

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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