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Pharmacology > Anthelmintics > Flashcards

Anthelmintics Flashcards

Kumar

1
Q

What are vermifuges?

A

expel parasites from intestinal tract

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2
Q

What are vermicides?

A

kill intestinal parasite, then expel

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3
Q

Which 2 drugs are an exception and produce pharmacological effects?

A

organphosphates

levimasole

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4
Q

What species is levamisole used in?

A

ruminants and pigs

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5
Q

What species is praziquantel used in?

A

dogs, cats, horses

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6
Q

What species is piperazine salts used in?

A

monogastric

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7
Q

What drugs are used just for ruminants?

A

salicylanilides, nitroxynil, clorsulon

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8
Q

What drug groups are antinematodals?

A

Benzimidazoles, Probenzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles, tetrahydropyrimidies, organophosphates, macrocyclic lactones, piperazine compounds

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9
Q

What is the prodrug that is converted into benzimidazole carbamates?

A

probenzimidazoles (netobimin and febantel)

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10
Q

Which 2 BZDs are water soluble and are limited in absorption from GI tract?

A

albendazole

oxfendazole

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11
Q

What drug does netobimin get metabolized to?

A

albendazole

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12
Q

What probenzimidazole cannot be given to pregnant dogs and cats?

A

febantel - vercom paste and drontal plus

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13
Q

What drugs are under tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

pyrantel and morantel

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14
Q

What is the mode of action of tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

depolarazing muscular blockade

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15
Q

Which species eliminates pyrantel by urine while all the others by feces?

A

dogs

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16
Q

What is the methyl ester analog of pyrantel?

A

morantel

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17
Q

What parasitic infections do organophosphates treat in ruminants?

A

nematode parasites of abomasum and intestine

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18
Q

What are the antidotes for organophosphate toxicity?

A

atropine and pralidoxime

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19
Q

What are the two major groups of macrocyclic lactones?

A

avermectins

milbemycins

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20
Q

What are the 5 avermectin drugs?

A

abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, selamectin

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21
Q

What are the 2 milbemycin drugs?

A

milbemycin oxime and moxidectin

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22
Q

What is the MOA for macrocyclic lactones?

A

bind to glutamate gated chloride channels, inhibits GABA

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23
Q

What breeds are sensitive to ivermectin?

A

australian shepherds and collie breeds, murrah gray cattle

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24
Q

Which avermectin is highly effective against screw worms?

A

doramectin

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25
Q

What avermectin deposits in sebaceous glands that act as reservoirs?

A

selamectin

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26
Q

What other avermectin can be used in collies sensitive to ivermectin and also pregnant animals?

A

selamectin

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27
Q

What macrocyclic lactone can be used prophylactically for heartworm in ivermectin sensitive collies and in microfiliaria infested dogs?

A

milbemycin

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28
Q

What can happen in very heavily infested microfilaria dogs when given milbemycin? How is it treated?

A

shock

corticosteroids and fluids

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29
Q

What milbemycin drug is more lipophilic?

A

moxidectin

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30
Q

What is the MOA for piperazine compounds?

A

GABA receptor agonist - hyperpolarizes membrane

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31
Q

Why should piperazine treatments be repeated every 2 to 4 weeks?

A

effective more against adult stages

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32
Q

What animals can piperazine be used in?

A

monogastric species

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33
Q

What can piperazine be combined with to increase activity against cyathostomes?

A

BZD drugs

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34
Q

What salt form of piperazine can be given in the feed?

A

citrate or adipate salts

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35
Q

What are the CS of large doses of piperazine in dogs and cats?

A

emesis, diarhea, incordination, head pressing

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36
Q

What are the contraindications of piperazine?

A

chronic renal/liver dz

heavy ascarid infections (impaction)

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37
Q

What group does diethylcarbamazine citrate fall under?

A

piperazine compounds

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38
Q

What is the only use of diethylcarbamazine citrate?

A

heartworm prevention

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39
Q

What is the MOA of DEC?

A

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in parasite

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40
Q

How often does DEC need to be administered?

A

daily

41
Q

When should DEC not be used?

A

microfilaria positive dogs –> hypovolemic shock

42
Q

What are the 2 heartworm adulticides that inhibit cell glycolysis?

A

thiacertarsamide sodium

melarsomine

43
Q

What are nematodes?

A

whipworms, roundworms, ascarids

44
Q

What are cestodes?

A

flatworms, tapeworms

45
Q

What are trematodes?

A

flukes

46
Q

What is the MOA of heartoworm adulticides?

A

inhibit cell glycolysis

47
Q

What animals should not be given thiacertersamide sodium?

A

liver/kidney fxn problems

48
Q

How is melarsomine better than thiacetersamide sodium?

A

more potent, better bioavalability

49
Q

What is required after treatment for heartworm infection?

A

rest for 2 weeks, limited exercise for 6 weeks

50
Q

What are the 3 groups of anticestodal drugs?

A

natural organic,
synthetic organic
benzimidazoles

51
Q

What drug is effective against taenia and diplydium spp in dogs and cats?

A

dichlorophen

52
Q

What anti cestodal drug is effective against tapeworms and rumen flukes in ruminants?

A

resorantel

53
Q

What anticestodal drug has wide spectrum effect against adult and immature stages and some trematodes?

A

praziquantel

54
Q

What is the MOA of praziquantel?

A

Calcium release from muscle cells, membrane integrity compromised, vacuolization, burst, allow WBC to go in

55
Q

What is the difference between praziquantel and epsiprantel?

A

epsiprantel not absorbed from GIT - treats cestodes ONLY

56
Q

What do regular benzimidazoles treat?

A

nematodes

57
Q

What do substituted BZDs treat?

A

certain tapeworms and flukes

58
Q

What are the anticestodal BZDs?

A

mebendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, albendazole

59
Q

What cestode is important in equine medicine?

A

anoplocephala perfoliata

60
Q

What drugs are effective against anoplocephala perfoliata?

A

pyrantel, niclosamide, dichlorophen, mebendazole and praziquantel

61
Q

What are the important trematodal infections in veterinary med?

A

Fasciolosis
rumen flukes
lung flukes - dogs and cats

62
Q

What is bithionol sulfoxide effective against?

A

rumen flukes and liver flukes of ruminants

63
Q

What are the groups of drugs that are antitrematodal?

A

bithionol sulfoxide, nitroxynil, salicylanilides, sulfonamides, benzimidazoles

64
Q

What are the 3 salicylanidlide drugs?

A

closantel, rafoxanide, oxyclozanide

65
Q

What different spectrum does oxyclozanide have?

A

rumen flukes

66
Q

What is the MOA of salicylanilides?

A

uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

67
Q

What drug is effective against resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus?

A

Closantel (also nitroxynil in sheep)

68
Q

What antitrematodal is combined with levamisole to produce broad spectrum helminth activity?

A

oxyclozanide

69
Q

What type of drug is clorsulon?

A

sulfonamide

70
Q

What is the MOA of clorsulon?

A

glycolytic enzyme inhibition of F. hepatica

71
Q

What 2 sulfonamides treat F. hepatica?

A

clorsulon and albendazole

72
Q

How is clorsulon administered?

A

oral, SC

safe in all animals

73
Q

What can treat pancreatic flukes in cats?

A

fenbendazole

74
Q

What is triclabendazole metabolized into?

A

sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives

75
Q

How long does triclabendazole derivatives last in the plasma?

A

7 days (very bound to albumin)

76
Q

What is netobimin?

A

probenzimidazole effective against adult fulkes

77
Q

Why is rafoxanide (and closantel) effective against immature flukes?

A

extensively plasma protein binding, persistence

78
Q

What are the drugs effective against immature liver flukes only?

A

diamphenethid

79
Q

How is diamphenethide metabolized?

A

deacytylation by liver enzymes to an amine metabolite effective against immature flukes

80
Q

What drug is 100% effective against immature F.hepatica?

A

diamphenethide (treats acute fasciolosis)

81
Q

What can intestinal paramphistomosis be treated with?

A

resorantel and bithional

82
Q

What can paragonimiasis(lung fluke in dogs and cats) be treated with?

A

bithionol, prazi, albendazole and fenbendazole

83
Q

What antihelminth drug is an immunostimulant?

A

levimasole

cell mediated response

84
Q

What animals should not have levimasole?

A

horses

85
Q

What animals are most antitrematodals given to?

A

ruminants

86
Q

What drug is contraindicated in early preganancy?

A

BZDs (except mebendazole, fenbendazole, flubendazole and oxibendazole)

87
Q

How are BZDs administered?

A

orally only

88
Q

What does drontal plus have in it?

A

febantel, pyrantel pamoate, praziquantel

89
Q

What 4 drugs should not be given to animals under stress or chronic disease conditions?

A

Dichlorvos
Organophosphates
Levimasole
Pyrantel

90
Q

What does the commercial product vercom contain?

A

febantel and praziquantel

91
Q

What animals is febantel used in?

A

horses, dogs, cats

92
Q

What animals is netobimin used in?

A

ruminants

93
Q

How are imidazothiazoles administered?

A

All 3 ways

94
Q

What is the spectrum of levimasole?

A

GI and lung nematodes (not in horses)

95
Q

What drug do you need gloves for?

A

levimasole

96
Q

What other drugs should not be combined with levimasole?

A

other neuromuscular blockade drugs - pyrantel

97
Q

Which pyrantel salt is well absorbed orally?

A

pyrantel tartrate

98
Q

Which pyrantel salt reaches the lower intestine to kill pinworms?

A

pyrantel pamoate

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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