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Pharmacology > Kumar's Final Review - Anti-Helmenthics - AH > Flashcards

Kumar's Final Review - Anti-Helmenthics - AH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Anti-nematodal (roundworm) drugs?

A

BZDs, Levamisole, Pyrantel/Morantel, Dichlorvos, Macrocyclic lactones, Piperazine, HW adulticides

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2
Q

What drugs are anti-cestodal (tapeworms)?

A

Dichlorphen, Resorantel, Praziquantel, Epsiprantel, BZDs

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3
Q

What drugs are anti-trematodal (flukes)?

A

Bithionol, Nitroxynil, Salicylanilides, Sulfonamides (clorsulon), and BZDs (albendazole and triclabendazole)

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4
Q

BZD MOA?

A

Irreversibly binds to nematode Beta-tubulin → inhibition of microtubules

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5
Q

Adverse effects of BZDs?

A

Contraindicated in pregnancy → teratogenic

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6
Q

Which group of BDZs are also effective against cestodes?

A

Carbamates: Mebendazole (taenia), oxibendazole, Albendazole, Fenbendazole

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7
Q

What are the two proBZDs?

A

Albendazole → Netobimin. Fenbendazole → Febantel.

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8
Q

What happens to the sulphoxide in the proBDZs?

A

They are later converted to sulphoxones

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9
Q

MOA of Imidazothiazoles?

A

Neuromuscular blockade (never combine)

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10
Q

How are Imidazothiazoles administered?

A

Oral, parenteral (SC) or topical

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11
Q

Name a Imidazothiazole that is a l-isomer of dl-tetramisole

A

Levamisole

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12
Q

MOA of Levamisole (2)

A
  1. Ganglionic stimulant and direct cholinergic drug. Binds to nicotinic receptors of nematode parasites → depolarization blockade. 2. immunostimulator (CMI)
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13
Q

Margine of safety for Levamisole?

A

narrow margin of safety. Safety factor is twice that of Tetramisole.

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14
Q

What increases the toxicity of lavamisole?

A

simultaneous admin of pyrantel tartrate

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15
Q

What animals should you avoid giving Levamisole to?

A

Lactating dairy animals

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16
Q

Why do you need to wear gloves when handling Levamisole?

A

Percutaneous absorption → blood disorders/ fatal agranulocytosis

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17
Q

What drugs are included in Tetrahydropyrimidines group?

A

Pyrantel and Morantel

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18
Q

Which is safer, pyrantel or morantel?

A

morantel

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19
Q

MOA of Tetrahydropyprimidines?

A

Depolarization blockade → paralysis of nematode

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20
Q

How are Tetrahydropyprimidines administered?

A

Oral only → GI nematodes and lungworms

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21
Q

What animals should not be given Organophosphate compounds?

A

Ill or stressed patients

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22
Q

What can be used to treat pinworms?

A

Pamoate salt – not soluble → GI

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23
Q

What organophophate can be incorporated into polyvinal pellets?

A

Dichlorvos

24
Q

What Organophophate is effective against Whipworms Trich spp.?

A

Dichlorvos

25
Q

Dichlorvos MOA?

A

irreversible inhibition of AchE → paralysis of nematodes

26
Q

MOA of Macrocyclic Lactones?

A

Binds to Cl- channels → increase in GABA → hyperpolarization → flaccid paralysis of parasite and expulsion

27
Q

What are the two main categories of Macrocyclic Lactones?

A

Avermectins and Mibemycins

28
Q

What are the 5 Avermectins?

A

Ivermectin, Doramectin, Eprinomectin, (Selamectin, Abametin)

29
Q

What Avermectin can’t be given to collies, aussies or murrah gray cattle?

A

Ivermectin

30
Q

Which Avermectin has a low milk plasma ratio and can be used in dairy cows?

A

Eprinomectin

31
Q

Which Avermectin can be used in the Tx of screw worms and Myiasis?

A

Doramectin

32
Q

Prophylactic against H Ws → micro filaricide

A

Mibemycins

33
Q

What are the two Mibemycins?

A

Milbemycin Oxime and Moxidectin

34
Q

Piperazine class spectrum?

A

Narrow

35
Q

Drugs in the Piperazine class include?

A

Piperazine and Diethylcarbazine (DEC)

36
Q

When should you avoid giving Piperazine?

A

In animals with chronic liver Dz and in heavy ascarid infxns → intestinal impaction or rupture

37
Q

how is Diethylcarbazine used?

A

As a prophylactic HW Tx – adult stages of nematode only (no microfilaria)

38
Q

What needs to be done before Tx with DEC?

A

Dog should be cleared of adult and larval microfilaria or risk anaphylaxis

39
Q

Tx timing for DEC?

A

Restart Tx 4 weeks after the first Tx

40
Q

What are the two heartworm adulticides?

A

Thiacetarsamide sodium and Melarsomine

41
Q

Which HW adulticide is safest and more potent?

A

Melarsomine

42
Q

Toxicity of Thiacetarsamide Na?

A

Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity

43
Q

Restorantel can be used to treat?

A

Rumen flukes (parphistomeum) and Moneizia spp. In ruminants

44
Q

Which anti-cestodal is only used to tx cectodes?

A

Episprantel

45
Q

Praziquantel spectrum?

A

Wide = adult and larval cestodes and trematodes (shistosomes)

46
Q

Vd of praziquantel?

A

well absorbed and distributed

47
Q

MOA of Praziquantel?

A

Centres on Ca++ ion flux across the surface membranes of the exposed parasite. Adult cestodes –release >of Ca from mm stores. In schistosoma –Ca >is taken up –mm >contraction –paralysis.> In both –vacuolization >–blebs –burst >and create leasons though which neutrophilic/eos granulocytes can enter and cause lysis > >

48
Q

What does Closantel treat?

A

Mature and immature stages of flukes. Effective against resistant strains of H. contortus

49
Q

MOA of closantel?

A

Proton Ionophor: Uncouples oxidative phophorylation

50
Q

Clorsulon MOA?

A

inhibits glycolytic pathway → inhibition of ATP production

51
Q

Rafoxanide MOA?

A

Protein Ionophor: Uncouples oxidative phophorylation → decreased ATP production

52
Q

Which anti-trematodal is FDA approved for liver flukes?

A

Clorsulon

53
Q

Which anti-trematodal is highly protein bound (99%) with a half life of 17 days?

A

Rafoxanide

54
Q

Which anti-trematodals are broad spectrum for immature and mature flukes?

A

Rafoxanide and closantel

55
Q

Which anti-trematodal has metabolites that remain protein bound for 7 days?

A

Ticholrbendazole

56
Q

What drug is 100% effective against immature F. heptica?

A

Diamphenethide

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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