Pharm Quiz 2 (redo) - Werner Flashcards
1
Q
What protozoa drugs interfere with cytochrome mediated electron transport in mitochondria?
A
quinolones, pyrinidols (coccidial respiration)
2
Q
What protozoal drugs target apicoplast?
A
triazine derivatives
3
Q
What drugs act on protozoal membrane?
A
polyether ionophores
4
Q
What is the MOA of polyether ionophores?
A
form complexes with sodium in cell membrane –> lowers pH
5
Q
How do pentavalent antimonials work?
A
inhibit topoisomerase –>interefere with replication
6
Q
What is MOA of diamidine derivatives?
A
bind to DNA, prevent replication
7
Q
Which drugs cause clumping of heme pigments?
A
aminoquinolones
8
Q
What drugs inhibit oxidative phosphorylation?
A
guanidine derivatives
9
Q
What drugs bind to beta tubulin?
A
benzimidazoles
10
Q
What are the 4 nitromidazole drugs?
A
metronidazole
tinidazole
ronidazole
benznidazole
11
Q
Why does metronidazole cause seizures?
A
inhibition of GABA
12
Q
What can metronidazole treat in dogs/cats/horses/cattle?
A
dogs - giardia, balantidium, entamoeba, pentotrichomonas
cats/horses - giardia
cows - trichomonas
13
Q
What is tinidazole used for in dogs/cats?
A
dogs - giardia
cats - giardia, t. foetus
14
Q
Banned in the US but what drug is most effective for tritrichomonas foetus?
A
ronidazole
15
Q
Which drug treats acute trypanosomiasis in dogs?
A
benznidazole
16
Q
Which is the only nitrofuran drug still in use? What can it treat?
A
nifurtimox (carcinogenic)
t.cruzi (chagas)
17
Q
What is the MOA of nifurtimox?
A
oxygen free radicals
18
Q
Which drug binds to disulphide bridges in protozoa?
A
arsenicals
19
Q
What are the 2 arsenical drugs?
A
nitarsone, roxarsone
20
Q
What drug is given as feed additive to prevent histo in turkeys/chickens?
A
nitarsone (withdrawal period - 5 days)
21
Q
What animals can nitarsone not be used?
A
ducks, pigeons, dogs
22
Q
What are aminoglycosides used for besides protozoa?
A
gram - bacteria
23
Q
What can paromomycin treat in dogs/cats?
A
dogs - leishmania visceral
cats - crypto and t. foetus
24
Q
What can paromomycin be used for extra label in goats/cattle?
A
cattle - crypto, giardia
goats - crypto
25
What are the 2 benzimidazoles used against giardia?
albendazole
| fenbendazole
26
What advantage does benzimidazoles have?
no anti-bacterial activity
27
What can treat giardia in dogs and calves but should not be used in cats or pregnant animals?
albendazole
28
What are the side effects of albendazole
dogs/cats - myelosuppression
| pregnant - teratogenic
29
What is the drug of choice for giardia infections in dogs/cats/cattle?
fenbendazole
30
What form is fenbendazole administered? What can it be combined with?
febantel (pro drug)
| given with pyrantel
31
What can long acting oxytetracycline treat in cattle?
babesia, theileria, and maybe anaplasma
32
What does chlortetracycline treat in horses?
therileria equi (early on)
33
What is drug of choice for babesia canis in dogs?
doxycycline
34
What nenonatal disease in dogs can clindamycin treat?
canine neospora
35
Is clindamycin coccidiostatic or coccidiocidal?
Both, starts as static
36
What drugs are used to treat hepatozoonosis americanum in dogs?
clindamycin, potentiated sulfonamides and pyrimetamine
37
What can prevent relapses of hepatazoonosis in dogs?
decoquinate
38
What are the 2 methods for preventing resistance in poultry for coccidiosis?
shuttle programs
| rotation programs
39
What is the treatment of choice for coccidia in small animals?
sulfamethoxine (sulfonamide)
40
What potentiated sulfonamide is used in poultry?
sulfamethoxine - ormetoprim
41
What potentiated sulfonamide is used in horses/dogs/cats?
sulfadiazine - trimethoprim
42
What sulfonamides are used in cattle?
sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline
43
What sulfonamide is used in sheep/rabbites?
sulfaquinoxaline
44
What are the 4 drugs in the hydroquinolone/napthoquinolone group?
decoquinate, atovaquone, paraquone, buparvaquone
45
Which hydroquinolones are poorly absorbed orally?
decoquinate, atovaquone
46
Which hydroquinolone has no withdrawal time for meat?
decoquinate
47
What are the restrictions of using decoquinate for the prevention of coccidiosis?
no laying hens
| no lactating animals
48
What drug can be used in pregnant cows to prevent crypto in calves?
decoquinate
49
Which drug has excellent activity against t. gondii and babesia in dogs?
atovaquone
50
What 2 drugs treat theileria in cattle?
parvaquone, buparvaquone
51
What thiamine analogue treats eimeria in birds, calves, dogs, and cats?
amprolium
52
What stages of coccidia are ionophores active against?
extracellular sporozoites/merozoites
53
What animals should not be given polyether ionophores?
horses
| guinea fowl
54
What drugs should not be administered with ionophores?
tiamulin, chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamides, cardiac glycosides
55
What are the 6 polyether ionophores?
lasolocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, semduramicin, salinomycin
56
Which drug is combined with tiamulin to preven coccidiosis in chickens, turkeys, partridges and rabbits?
lasolocid
57
What drug is combined with tiamulin to prevent coccidia in broilers?
marduramicin and narasin
58
What 2 drugs should not be given to mature turkeys/guinea fowl?
monensin, narasin
59
What is salinomycin only used for?
prevention of coccidia in broilers and bobwhite quail
60
What are the 3 triazine derivatives?
diclazuril, toltrazuril, ponazuril
61
What is the MOA for triazine derivatives?
act on apicoplast
62
What triazine prevents coccidia in turkeys/broilers and is combined with bacitracin?
diclazuril
63
What are the clinical indications of toltrazuril?
nursing pigs - reduce coccidia signs
dogs - reduce hepatozoon CS
horses: treat EPM
64
What is the treatment of choice for EPM?
ponazuril
65
What must ponazuril be combined with to reach concentration in CNS?
DMSO
66
What is the MOA for diamidine?
binds to DNA
67
What 2 major protozoa does diamidine treat?
babesia and theileria
68
What is the treatment of choice for babesia in dogs?
imidocarb dipropionate
69
What are the SE of imidocarb in horses?
azotemia, fetus, urinary
70
What is imidocarb used for in horses?
babesia caballi
71
What is imidocarb used for in cats?
cyatuxzooan felis
72
What must you use with imidocarb to control parasympathetic side effects in cats?
atropine
73
What is the MOA of fipronil?
non competitive block of GABA and glutamate chloride channels
74
What is fipronil used for?
adult fleas and ticks
75
What is fipronil combined with?
methoprene (insect growth regulator)
76
What animal should fipronil not be used in?
young rabbits
77
What drug can be used against fleas that are resistant to fipronil?
nitenpyram
78
What is the MOA of neo nicotinoids?
competitive inhibition of post synaptive nicotinic receptor
79
What 2 drugs are neo nicotinoids?
imidacloprid and nitenpyram
80
What is imidacloprid used for?
kills fleas and prevents from biting
81
How is imidacloprid administered? nitenpyram?
imida - topical
| niten - orally
82
What are SE of neo nicotinoids?
termors, hepatic failure
83
What is the MOA of pyrethrins?
sodium channels in axon membrane
84
What are the 2 syndromes of pyrethrins?
type 1 - tremors, hyperexcitability
| type 2 - salivation, weakness
85
What is the most widley used pyrethroid in dogs?
permethrin
86
What is the active ingredient in ear tags for cattle?
fenvalerate
87
What pyrethrin/oid is used as a fly repellent in horses?
flumethrin
88
What animals are most sensitive to pyrethrins?
cats, aquatic animals
89
What is the MOA of organophosphates?
irreversible inhibition of AcHE
90
What is the MOA of carbamates?
reversible inhibition of AcHE
91
What are the 3 carbamate drugs?
propoxur, bendiocarb and carbaryl
92
What are the SE seen with organophosphates?
stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system, treat with atropine
93
What organophosphate/carbamate are formulated as sprays/dusts/dips?
coumaphos, phosmet
94
What is the MOA of IDI;s? (insect development inhibitors)
inhibit chitin synthesis
95
How is lufenuron administered?
orally to dogs/cats
96
What is the MOA of amitraz?
inhibits monoamine oxidase -->paralysis
97
Which animals should amitraz not be given?
chihuahuas, pregnant animals
| horse and cats are sensitive
98
What drug enchances activity of topical insecticides?
piperonyl butoxide
99
Why pyramidine antivaral looks like thymidine?
idoxuridine
100
What drugs are analogs of guanosine?
acyclovir, ganciclovir
101
What are the 3 anti-retro virals?
zidovudine
amantedine
interferon
102
What are the 3 pyrimidine nucleoside anti viral drugs?
idoxuridine
trifluridine
sorivudine
103
What are the 5 purine nucleosides for antiviral drugs?
Vidarabine
acyclovir
penciclovir
ganciclovir
104
Famciclovir is a pro drug of what other drug?
penciclovir
105
What is the prodrug of acyclovir?
valacyclovir
106
Which purine nucleoside has a small spectrum?
ganciclovir
107
What purine nucleoside is effective against RNA and DNA viruses?
Ribavarin
108
What antiherpes drug is effective against DNA, RNA and retroviruses?
foscarnet
109
What is the MOA of foscarnet?
binds at pyrophosphate site
110
What are the side effects of foscarnet?
alterations in Ca/P homeostasis, rickets
111
What are the 4 reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
zidovudine, lamivudine, stampidine, didanosine
112
What are the SE of zidovudine in cats?
anemia and neutropenia,BM hypercellularity
113
What drug is more safe than zidovudine because it is transported into the mitochondria?
lamivudine
114
What virus is didanosine used for?
HIV
115
What drug also inhibits pain by acting on NMDA receptor?
amantidine
116
What viruses are rimantidine and amantdine good against?
influenza A and B
117
What drug is good for equine influenza?
rimantidine
118
Which influenza drug is eliminated unchanged?
amantadine
119
Which influenza drug has a much larger Vd?
rimantidine
120
What is the MOA of amantdine and rimantadine
inhibition of late stage assembly of virus (m2 ion channel inhibitor)
121
What drug aggregates viral particles?
oseltamivir
122
What drugs can transfer action cell to cell?
interferons
123
What are the 2 allylamine drugs?
terbinafine, natifine
124
What is the MOA of allylamines?
inhibit squalene epoxidase, inhibit ergosterol
125
What are the 3 polyene antibiotics?
ampho B, nystatin, natamycin
126
What is the spectrum and MOA of polyene antibiotics?
broad spectrum
| binds to ergosterol --> electrolyte imbalance and death
127
What can ampho B be combined with to synergize against crypto?
flucytosine
128
What is the drug of choice for systemic fungal infections?
amphotericin B
129
What animals can amphotericin B be not used in?
equine or food animals
130
What are the SE of amphotericin B?
nephrotoxicity
131
How can nystatin be administered?
local - topical
132
How can natamycin be administered?
local - opthalmic
133
What drug is the treatment of choice for fusarium keratomycosis in horses?
natamycin
134
What drug can flucytosine be combined with besides ampho B?
ketoconazole
135
What is the MOA of flucytosine?
production of faulty proteins (thymidylate snythase)
136
What are the SE of flucytosine?
GI, elevated liver enzymes, BM suppression
137
What is the MOA of azoles?
inhibit fungal CYP450 ergosterol synthesis
138
Why do azoles have lots of drug to drug interaction?
inhibit PgP efflux pump
139
What is the only topical and systemic imidazole?
ketoconazole
140
What are the 3 topical imidazoles?
enilconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole
141
What does miconazole treat?
keratomycosis and dermatophytosis in dogs/cats
142
What does ketoconazole need to be absorbed from GI?
acidic pH
143
What animals can not be given ketoconazole?
good animals
144
What are the SE of ketoconazole?
GI
145
What are the 4 triazole drugs?
fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole
146
What is fluconazole good at treating since it is excreted in active form?
fungal cystitis
147
What are the SE of fluconazole?
GI, CNS, skin
148
What triazole is good against aspergillus and crypto meningitis?
itraconazole
149
What are the SE of itraconazole?
hepatic toxicosis, GI, teratogenic
150
Which traizole is similar to fluconazole but is more potent and has wider spectrum?
voriconazole
151
Which triazole is effective against zygomycetes?
posaconazole
152
What is the MOA of echinocandins?/
inhibit B glucan synthase
153
What fungi are echinocandins effective against?
yeast, aspergillus, pneuomocystis carinii
154
What drug is an echinocandin?
caspofungin
155
What are the SE of echinocandins?
fever, nausea, phlebitis
156
What way are echinocandins given?
IV formulations
157
What antifungal effects the mitotic spindle and causes cell arrest in mitosis?
griseofulvin
158
What does griseofulvin treat?
dermatophytosis
159
What are the SE of griseofulvin?
Cats - leukopenia, anmia
| teratogenic
160
What antifungal inhibits chitin synthesis?
lufenuron (ectoparsiticide)
161
How is lufernon administered?
orally
