Pharm Quiz 2 (redo) - Werner Flashcards
What protozoa drugs interfere with cytochrome mediated electron transport in mitochondria?
quinolones, pyrinidols (coccidial respiration)
What protozoal drugs target apicoplast?
triazine derivatives
What drugs act on protozoal membrane?
polyether ionophores
What is the MOA of polyether ionophores?
form complexes with sodium in cell membrane –> lowers pH
How do pentavalent antimonials work?
inhibit topoisomerase –>interefere with replication
What is MOA of diamidine derivatives?
bind to DNA, prevent replication
Which drugs cause clumping of heme pigments?
aminoquinolones
What drugs inhibit oxidative phosphorylation?
guanidine derivatives
What drugs bind to beta tubulin?
benzimidazoles
What are the 4 nitromidazole drugs?
metronidazole
tinidazole
ronidazole
benznidazole
Why does metronidazole cause seizures?
inhibition of GABA
What can metronidazole treat in dogs/cats/horses/cattle?
dogs - giardia, balantidium, entamoeba, pentotrichomonas
cats/horses - giardia
cows - trichomonas
What is tinidazole used for in dogs/cats?
dogs - giardia
cats - giardia, t. foetus
Banned in the US but what drug is most effective for tritrichomonas foetus?
ronidazole
Which drug treats acute trypanosomiasis in dogs?
benznidazole
Which is the only nitrofuran drug still in use? What can it treat?
nifurtimox (carcinogenic)
t.cruzi (chagas)
What is the MOA of nifurtimox?
oxygen free radicals
Which drug binds to disulphide bridges in protozoa?
arsenicals
What are the 2 arsenical drugs?
nitarsone, roxarsone
What drug is given as feed additive to prevent histo in turkeys/chickens?
nitarsone (withdrawal period - 5 days)
What animals can nitarsone not be used?
ducks, pigeons, dogs
What are aminoglycosides used for besides protozoa?
gram - bacteria
What can paromomycin treat in dogs/cats?
dogs - leishmania visceral
cats - crypto and t. foetus
What can paromomycin be used for extra label in goats/cattle?
cattle - crypto, giardia
goats - crypto
What are the 2 benzimidazoles used against giardia?
albendazole
fenbendazole
What advantage does benzimidazoles have?
no anti-bacterial activity
What can treat giardia in dogs and calves but should not be used in cats or pregnant animals?
albendazole
What are the side effects of albendazole
dogs/cats - myelosuppression
pregnant - teratogenic
What is the drug of choice for giardia infections in dogs/cats/cattle?
fenbendazole
What form is fenbendazole administered? What can it be combined with?
febantel (pro drug)
given with pyrantel
What can long acting oxytetracycline treat in cattle?
babesia, theileria, and maybe anaplasma
What does chlortetracycline treat in horses?
therileria equi (early on)
What is drug of choice for babesia canis in dogs?
doxycycline
What nenonatal disease in dogs can clindamycin treat?
canine neospora
Is clindamycin coccidiostatic or coccidiocidal?
Both, starts as static
What drugs are used to treat hepatozoonosis americanum in dogs?
clindamycin, potentiated sulfonamides and pyrimetamine
What can prevent relapses of hepatazoonosis in dogs?
decoquinate
What are the 2 methods for preventing resistance in poultry for coccidiosis?
shuttle programs
rotation programs
What is the treatment of choice for coccidia in small animals?
sulfamethoxine (sulfonamide)
What potentiated sulfonamide is used in poultry?
sulfamethoxine - ormetoprim
What potentiated sulfonamide is used in horses/dogs/cats?
sulfadiazine - trimethoprim
What sulfonamides are used in cattle?
sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline
What sulfonamide is used in sheep/rabbites?
sulfaquinoxaline
What are the 4 drugs in the hydroquinolone/napthoquinolone group?
decoquinate, atovaquone, paraquone, buparvaquone
Which hydroquinolones are poorly absorbed orally?
decoquinate, atovaquone
Which hydroquinolone has no withdrawal time for meat?
decoquinate
What are the restrictions of using decoquinate for the prevention of coccidiosis?
no laying hens
no lactating animals
What drug can be used in pregnant cows to prevent crypto in calves?
decoquinate
Which drug has excellent activity against t. gondii and babesia in dogs?
atovaquone
What 2 drugs treat theileria in cattle?
parvaquone, buparvaquone
What thiamine analogue treats eimeria in birds, calves, dogs, and cats?
amprolium
What stages of coccidia are ionophores active against?
extracellular sporozoites/merozoites
What animals should not be given polyether ionophores?
horses
guinea fowl
What drugs should not be administered with ionophores?
tiamulin, chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamides, cardiac glycosides
What are the 6 polyether ionophores?
lasolocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, semduramicin, salinomycin
Which drug is combined with tiamulin to preven coccidiosis in chickens, turkeys, partridges and rabbits?
lasolocid
What drug is combined with tiamulin to prevent coccidia in broilers?
marduramicin and narasin
What 2 drugs should not be given to mature turkeys/guinea fowl?
monensin, narasin
What is salinomycin only used for?
prevention of coccidia in broilers and bobwhite quail
What are the 3 triazine derivatives?
diclazuril, toltrazuril, ponazuril
What is the MOA for triazine derivatives?
act on apicoplast
What triazine prevents coccidia in turkeys/broilers and is combined with bacitracin?
diclazuril
What are the clinical indications of toltrazuril?
nursing pigs - reduce coccidia signs
dogs - reduce hepatozoon CS
horses: treat EPM
What is the treatment of choice for EPM?
ponazuril