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Pharmacology > Opthalamic Drugs > Flashcards

Opthalamic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

The topical route is used to target which structures of the eye? (4)

A

Conjunctiva
Cornea
Anterior Uvea
Eye Lids

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2
Q

Systemic route is used to target which structures of the eye? (4)

A

Eye Lids
Posterior Segment
Optic nerve
Anterior Segment

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3
Q

Which structures of the eye serve as drug reservoirs? (3)

A

Cornea
Lens
Uveal pigment (melanin)

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4
Q

Which drugs are formulated for topical administration?

A

Solutions, suspensions & ointments

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5
Q

Which route of admin allows for depot storage & achieves [high] in the ANTERIOR chamber?

A

Subconjunctival Therapy

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6
Q

Which route of admin achieves very high [drug] by injection of the drug into the AQUEOUS/VITREOUS HUMOR?

A

Intracameral Therapy

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7
Q

Absorption after TOPICAL admin is determined by what? (TQ)

A 
Amt. of time drug hangs around
Nasolacrimal drainage
Binding to tear proteins
Metabolism by tear & tissue proteins
Diffusion across cornea & conjunctiva
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8
Q

Systemic distribution of TOPICALLY admin. drugs?

A

Nasal mucosal absorption
Local ocular distribution
How easily is passes the cornea & accumulates in the aqueous humor
Does is bind melanin?

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9
Q

Enzymatic biotransformation occurs in the eye via _________.

A

Esterases

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10
Q

Which type of drugs are more effective in the eye?

A

pro-drugs

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11
Q

What 2 agents cause MYDRIASIS (dilation) of the pupil?

A

Sympathomimetic drugs

Parasympatholytic drugs

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12
Q

What agent causes MIOSIS (constr.) of the pupil?

A

Parasympathomimetic drugs

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13
Q

What agents cause pinpoint pupils?

A

Opioids

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14
Q

What should you always do before using anti-biotics on the eyes? (TQ)

A

ID the pathogen!!

NEVER TX NON-INFECTED EYES (resistance)

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15
Q

What 3 anti-biotics are frequently used to TX eyes in Vet med?

A

Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones (Cipro)
Gentamicin-Amikacin-Tobramycin combo

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16
Q

What drugs are your 1st choice for TXing corneal ulcers & bacterial conjunctivits?

A

BNP

NPG

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17
Q

Which anti-microbial is the 1st choice in small animal practice? What’s the problem?

A

Chloramphenicol

won’t TX Pseudomonas

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18
Q

Which anti-microbial will penetrate an intact cornea?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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19
Q

Which drugs do you use to TX keratomycosis?

A

Polyene antibiotics
Imidazoles
Nucleoside analogs

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20
Q

What 3 drugs do you use equal amts of to TX corneal ulcers?

A

Natamycin
Tobramycin
Cefazolin

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21
Q

What can you use to cause proteinase inhibition (thereby TXing corneal ulcers)?

A 
Plasma alpha2-macroglobulin
Chelating agents (EDTA, Acetylcysteine, & Tetracyclines)
22
Q

How can you decrease intraocular pressure & TX glaucoma? (4)

A

Decr. aqueous humor production
Incr. aqueous humor outflow
Neuroprotection from glutamate signalling
Surgery?

23
Q

What are 3 topical prostaglandin analogs used to TX glaucoma?

A

Latanoprost
Bimatoprost
Travoprost

24
Q

What are 3 beta-adrenoceptor antagonists used to TX glaucoma?

A

Timolol
Metipranolol
Betaxolol

25
Q

What drugs reduce formation of bicarbonate & reduce fluid transport (glaucoma TX)?

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

26
Q

What drug increases aqueous outflow via increasing trabecular outflow?

A

Pilocarpine (topical miotic)

27
Q

What Ca channel blocker can be used to prevent excitotoxicty in glaucoma?

A

Amlodipine

28
Q

What NMDA channel blocker can be used to prevent excitotoxicity in glaucoma?

A

Memantine

29
Q

What type of drugs can be used to TX allergic conjunctivits? (TQ)

A

Antihistamines

Mast-cell stabilizers

30
Q

What drugs can you NOT use on a damaged cornea? (TQ)

A

Glucocorticoids

31
Q

What are the main anatagonists used in Vet med?

A

Muscarinic antagonists

32
Q

What disinfectant can be used when DXing eye issues?

A

2% povidone iodine

33
Q

What is the main route of entry & absorption pathway into the eye?

A

Corneal route

Cornea–> Aqueous humor–> Iris–> systemic circulation

34
Q

How can you change the elimination half life of eye meds? (3)

A

change tear production
change drainage
change blinking rate

35
Q

What 2 drugs are subconjunctival therapy used for?

A

Antibiotics

Corticosteriods

36
Q

What are the 2 host-derived proteinases that lead to corneal ulceration?

A 
zinc metalloproteinases (MMPs)
Neutrophil serine proteinase
37
Q

What are the systemic proteinase inhibitors used to TX corneal ulcres?

A

Homologous plasma or serum- topically

Combo w/ EDTA or Acetylcysteine

38
Q

How does heparin inhibit proteinases? (TQ)

A

Impedes extravasation of leukocytes

39
Q

Which types of proteinases do Ilomastat inhibit?

A

Inhibits endogenous & Pseudomonas proteinases

40
Q

Which drug class affects trabecular outflow?

A

Muscarinic agonists

41
Q

Which drug class affects uveoscleral outflow?

A

Prostaglandin agonists

42
Q

Which drug classes affect aqueous humor inflow? (3)

A

Beta- blockers
Alpha 2 Agonists
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

43
Q

What is the MOA of Beta-blockers?

(Timolol, Metipranolo, & Betaxolol)

A

non-selective drugs

blocks cAMP-PKA pathways and reduces aqueous humor production

44
Q

What receptor do prostaglandin analogs bind to?

A

Gq receptor - Phospholipase C- IP3-Ca pathway

45
Q

What is the MOA of Alpha 2 Agonists? (TQ)

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase

reduced Na/K/ATPase activity

46
Q

What is the MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

reduce formation of bicarbonate & fluid transport

47
Q

Which anti-inflammatory is immunosuppressive & highly lipophilic? (TQ)

A

Cyclosporin A

48
Q

What drug is sympatholytic & causes miosis?

A

Timolol acetate

49
Q

What 3 drugs are parasympatholytic & cause mydriasis?

A

Atropine
Tropicamide
Scopolamine

50
Q

Which 2 drugs are sympthomimetic drugs & cause mydriasis? (used to TX anterior uveitis)

A

Phenylephrine

Epinephrine

51
Q

What local anaesthetics can be used as DX aids?

A

Proparacaine & Tetracaine –> topical

Lidocaine & Bupivacaine –> infiltration anaesthetics

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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