Personality Disorders Flashcards
To assign a diagnosis of a Personality Disorder to someone under the age of 18, the features must be present for at least _____________ (except for _________, which cannot be diagnosed prior to age 18).
- 1 year
- Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
Cluster ___ Personality Disorders are characterized by odd or eccentric behavior.
A.
The essential feature of ________________ Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness that entails interpreting the motives of others as malevolent.
Paranoid.
A diagnosis of Paranoid Personality Disorder requires at least ___ of the following symptoms:
- Suspects that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him/her without sufficient basis for doing so
- Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the trustworthiness of others
- Is reluctant to confide in others
- Reads demeaning content into benign remarks or events
- Persistently bears grudges
- Perceives attacks on his/her character and quickly reacts with anger or counterattacks
- Is persistently suspicious about the idelity of his/her spouse or sexual partner without justification
4.
A diagnosis of _________________ Personality Disorder is made when a person displays a pervasive pattern of detachment from interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings.
- Schizoid.
For a diagnosis of Schizoid Personality Disorder, at least ___ of the following symptoms must be present:
- Doesn’t desire or enjoy close relationships
- Almost always chooses solitary activities
- Has little interest in sexual relationships
- Takes pleasure in few activities
- Lacks close friends or confidantes other than first degree relatives
- Seems indifferent to praise or criticism
- Exhibits emotional coldness and detachment
4.
_____________________ Personality Disorder is diagnosed in the presence of pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity or close relationships and eccentricities in cognition, percepiton, and behavior.
Schizotypal.
A diagnosis of Schizotypal Personality Disorder requires at least ___ of the following symptoms:
- Exhibits ideas of reference.
- Has odd beliefs or magical thinking that influence behavior
- Has bodily illusions and other unusual perceptions
- Exhibits odd thinking and speech
- Is suspicious or has paranoid ideation
- Has inappropriate or constricted affect
- Has peculiarities in behavior and appearance
- Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives
- Has excessive social anxiety
5.
Cluster ___ Personality Disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors.
B.
_________________ Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that has occurred since the age of 15.
Antisocial.
A diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) requires the presence of at least ___ characteristic symptoms:
- Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior
- Deceitfulness
- Impulsivity
- Irritability and aggressiveness
- Reckless disregard for the safety of self and others
- Consistent irresponsibility
- Lack of remorse
3.
For a diagnosis of ASPD, a person must be at least ___ and have a history of ________________________ before the age of 15.
- 18
- Conduct Disorder
Although ASPD is chronic, symptoms (esp. involvement in criminal behavior) often become less severe and pervasive by the ___th decade of life.
4th.
The essential feature of __________________ Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity that began by early adulthood and is apparent in multiple contexts.
Borderline.
At least ___ characteristic symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):
- Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
- Pattern of unstable, intense interpersonal relationships that are marked by fluctuations between idealization and devaluation
- An identity disturbance involving a persistent instability in self-image or sense of self
- Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., sex, substance abuse)
- Recurrent suicide threats or gestures
- Affective instability
- Chronic feelings of emptiness
- Inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
- Transient stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
5.
BPD is most commonly diagnosed in individuals aged ___ through ___, and its symptoms are typically most chronic and severe during _________________.
- 19 through 34
- Young adulthood
By age 40, up to ___% of individuals no longer meet all of the diagnostic criteria for BPD.
75%.
In a six-year prospective study of 290 patients with BPD, Zanarini et al. (2003) found:
- ______________ symptoms resolved most quickly
- ______________ symptoms were the most chronic
- ______________ and _______________ symptoms were intermediate in terms of resolution
- Impulsive
- Affective
- Cognitive
- Interpersonal
The psychoanalyst _____________________ considered the difficulties experienced by individuals with BPD to be secondary to narcissism, which resulted from a serious disturbance in the early mother-child relationship.
Adolph Stern.
Object-relations therapists also trace BPD to the mother-child relationship; ______________ (1971) attributes BPD and other forms psychopathology to fixation in the reapproachment phase of separation-individuation, resulting in a need for separation along with an overwhelming fear of abandonment.
Mahler.
According to ________________ (1984), BPD can be traced to adverse, unpredictable caregiver-child interactions that alternate between rejection and smothering, resulting in an insecure ego that relies on primitive defense mechanisms - especially splitting.
Kernberg.
According to __________________ (1987), emotional dysregulation is the core feature of BPD, and is the result of excessive emotional vulnerability, an inability to modulate strong emotions, and exposure to an invalidating environment.
Linehan.
Research on Linehan’s Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for BPD has found it reduces:
- Premature __________________
- Psychiatric hospitalizations
- ________________ behaviors
- Termination from therapy
- Parasuicidal
___________________ Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of emotionality and attention-seeking.
Histrionic.
For a diagnosis of Histrionic Personality Disorder, at least ___ characteristic symptoms must be present:
- Discomfort when not the center of attention
- Inappropriately sexually seductive or provocative
- Rapidly shifting and shallow emotions
- Consistent use of physical appearance to gain attention
- Excessively impressionistic speech that is lacking in detail
- Exaggerated expression of emotion
- Easily influenced by others
- Considers relationships to be more intimate than they are
5.
_______________ Personality Disorder involves a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
Narcissistic.
For a diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, at least ___ characteristic symptoms must be present:
- Grandiose sense of self-importance
- Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, love
- Believes he/she is unique and can be understood only by other high-status people
- Requires excessive admiration
- Has a sense of entitlement
- Is interpersonally exploitative
- Lacks empathy
- Is often envious of other or believes others are envious of him/her
- Exhibits arrogant behaviors and attitudes
5.
Cluster ___ Personality Disorders all involve anxiety or fearfulness.
C.
________________ Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
Avoidant.
A person diagnosed with Avoidant Personality Disorder must exhibit at least ___ of the following symptoms:
- Avoids work activities involving interpersonal contact due to a fear of criticism, rejection, or disapproval
- Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
- Exhibits restraint in intimate relationships due to fear of being ridiculed
- Is preoccupied with concerns about being criticized or rejected
- Is inhibited in new relationships due to feelings of inadequacy
- Views self as socially inept, inferior, or unappealing to others
- Is usually reluctant to engage in new activities because they may be embarassing
4.
People with ___________________ Personality Disorder display a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive, clinging behavior and a fear of separation.
Dependent.
A diagnosis of Dependent Personality Disorder requires the presence of at least ___ symptoms:
- Has difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurances from others
- Needs others to assume responsibility for most aspects of his/her life
- Fears disagreeing with others because it might lead to a loss of support
- Has difficulty initiating projects on his/her own
- Goes to great lengths to gain nurturance and support from others
- Feels helpless or uncomfortable when alone
- Urgently seks another relationship for support when a close relationship ends
- Is unrealistically preoccupied wiht fears of being left to care for him/herself
5.
___________________________ Personality Disorder is diagnosed when a person displays a persisten preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control that severely limits his/her flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
Obsessive-Compulsive.
At least ___ characteristic symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder:
- Is preoccupied with details, rules, etc., so that the major point of the activity is lost
- Exhibits perfectionism that interferes with task completion
- Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships
- Is overconscientious and inflexible about morality, ethics, and values
- Is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects
- Is reluctant to delegate work to others unless they are willing to do it his/her way
- Adopts a miserly spending style toward self and others
- Exhibits rigidity and stubborness
4.
