Anxiety Related Disorders Flashcards
When compared to depression, anxiety is associated with a higher level of positive affect and _________________. Additionally, apprehension, tension, trembling, excessive worry, and nightmares are considered “______” anxiety symptoms.
- Autonomic arousal
- Pure
Separation Anxiety Disorder involves developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as manifested by one of 3 symptoms:
- Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating _____________
- Persistent, excessive fear of ____________
- Repeated complaints of ______________ when separation is anticipated or occurs
- Separation
- Being alone
- Physical symptoms
In Separation Anxiety Disorder, the disturbance must last at least _________ in children and adolescents and ____________ in adults, and cause significant distress or impaired functioning.
- 4 weeks
- 6 months
Separation Anxiety Disorder is often manifested as __________________.
School refusal.
With respect to school refusal, the following onset ages are associated with different factors:
- 5 to 7: Beginning school and ____________________
- 10 to 11: Change of schools and possible onset of _____________
- 14 to 16: Social Phobia, ___________, other disorders (poorer prognosis)
- Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Social Phobia
- Depression
Children with Separation Anxiety Disorder typically come from ________ families, and their symptoms are typically precipitated by a major ____________ such as the death of a pet, move to a new neighborhood, etc.
- Close, warm
- Life stress
____________________ and other behavioral interventions have been found to be effective for Separation Anxiety Disorder.
Systematic desensitization.
Specific Phobia is characterized by intense __________ of a specific object or situation, with the individual either __________ the object/situation or enduring it with marked distress. The fear is disproportionate, is persistent (typically lasting at least ____________), and causes significant distress/impairment.
- Fear
- Avoiding
- 6 months
Specifiers are provided for the following subtypes of Specific Phobia:
- Animal
- ____________ environment
- _________________
- Situational
- Other
- Natural
- Blood-injection-injury
Social Phobia and other anxiety disorders have been linked to biological factors (e.g., abnormal levels of ______________, norepinephrine, and __________), cognitive factors, and classical _____________.
- Serotonin
- Gaba
- Conditioning
Mower’s (1947) Two-Factor Theory attributes phobias to ____________ conditioning, which involves a combination of classical and operant conditioning.
Avoidance.
The treatment-of-choice for Specific Phobia is ____________________________, exposing the individual to the feared object or situation while preventing him or her from engaging in cognitive or behavioral avoidance.
Exposure with response prevention.
For Specific Phobia, Blood-Injury-Injection subtype, exposure is most effective when combined with applied _______________, involving repeatedly tensing/releasing the body’s large muscle groups and increasing blood flow, due to the _________________ response associated with this subtype.
- Tension
- Vasovagal
Cognitive self-control, found to be useful in addressing children’s ___________________, incorporates relaxation, visualization of a pleasant scene, positive self-statements, and parental reinforcement for appropriate behavior.
Fear of the dark.
The essential feature of Social Anxiety Disorder is an intense fear of or anxiety about one or more ______________________ in which the individual may be exposed to ______________ by others.
- Social situations
- Scrutiny
In Social Anxiety Disorder, fear, anxiety and avoidance are persistant (typically lasting at least __________) and cause clinically significant distress and impaired functioning.
6 months.
Social Anxiety Disorder has been linked to _________________, a temperament trait characterized by social avoidance and fear of unfamiliar people and situations.
Behavioral inhibition.
Information processing biases associated with Social Anxiety Disorder include:
- Selectively attending to socially ____________ information, and
- Overestimating the likelihood for ________________ in social situations.
- Threatening
- Negative outcomes
Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder include:
- ______________________________
- SSRIs or __________
- The beta-blocker ______________, which reduces the physical symptoms of anxiety and has been found to be effective for treating performance anxiety.
- Exposure with response prevention
- SNRIs
- Propranolol
Panic Disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected _________________, with at least one attack being followed by at least _____________ of persistent concern about having additional attacks, their consequences, and/or a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attack.
- Panic attacks
- 1 month
As defined by the DSM-5, a ___________________ is “an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes.”
Panic Attack.
Characteristic symptoms of Panic Attacks include:
- Palpitations or ___________________
- Sweating
- Trembling
- Feelings of ______________
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Paresthesias
- Derealization or _________________
- Fear of losing control
- Accelerated heart rate
- Choking
- Depersonalization
The 12-month prevalence for Panic Disorder is about ___ to ___% for adolescents and adults, with females being about _________ as likely as males to receive the diagnosis.
- 2 to 3%
- Twice
CBT interventions that incorporate ______________ are the treatment of choice for Panic Disorder.
Exposure.
____________________ is a brief treatment that incorporates psychoeducation, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, and interoceptive exposure (exposure to the physical sensations associated with panic attacks).
Panic Control Therapy (PCT).
While Panic Disorder is responsive to drug treatment (imipramine, TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines), roughly ___ to ___% of patients experience a return of symptoms following discontinuation of drug treatment alone.
30 to 70%.
Agoraphobia requires the presence of marked fear or anxiety about at least two of the following situations:
- Using public ________________
- Being in ___________________
- Standing in line or being part of a ___________
- Being outside the ___________ alone
- Transportation
- Open spaces
- Crowd
- Home
The individual with Agoraphobia fears/avoids specific situations due to concern that ___________ might be difficult or ________ will be unavailable should panic-like, incapacitating, or embarrassing symptoms occur.
- Escape
- Help
In Agoraphobia, the fear or anxiety is disproportionate to real situational threat, and the fear/anxiety/avoidance typically lasts at least ______________.
6 months.
__________________ is more likely than Agoraphobia when an individual’s anxiety involves only a single situation that is characteristic of Agoraphobia and is related to something other than concern about experiencing panic-like, incapacitating, or embarassing symptoms.
Specific Phobia.
_________________ is more likely than Agoraphobia when the individual’s anxiety is related to being scrutinized by others and increases in the presence of family members or friends.
Social Anxiety Disorder.
The most effective Agoraphobia treatments incorporate ____________ exposure with response prevention, with intensive, _______________ exposure producing better long-term effects.
- In vivo
- Ungraded
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) involves excessive __________ or ___________ about multiple events or activities that are relatively constant for at least _____________.
- Anxiety
- Worry
- 6 months
For GAD, the anxiety/worry must include at least ___ of the following symptoms:
- Restlessness, or feeling keyed up/on edge
- Being easily ______________
- Difficulty concentrating
- Irritability
- Muscle ___________
- Sleep disturbance
- 3
- Fatigued
- Tension
Studies of outpatient clinical samples indicate that over ___% of patients with a principal diagnosis of GAD have one or more additional diagnoses at the time of assessment.
50%.
Of all the anxiety disorders, GAD is associated with the ____________ comorbidity rates.
Highest.
The National Comorbidity Survey found that ___% of individuals with lifetime GAD also had another lifetime psychiatric diagnosis (ranked most to least frequent):
- MDD or PDD
- ________________ Disorder
- Simple Phobia
- ________________ Disorder
- 90%
- Substance Use
- Social Anxiety
_______________ with GAD most often worry about performance in school, sports activities, or about natural disasters.
Children.
______________ with GAD worry about work, family, finances, and the future.
Young adults.
________________ with GAD worry excessively about personal health and minor or routine matters.
Older adults.
Treatments of choice for GAD combine CBT and pharmacotherapy, with drugs including:
- SSRIs
- ___________
- Benzodiazepines
- ___________
- SNRIs
- Buspar
