Depressive Disorders Flashcards
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is diagnosed in the presence of:
- Severe recurrent verbal or behavioral _____________ outbursts grossly out of proportion to the _____________,
- A chronic, persistently irritable/angry mood between outbursts on most days
- Symptoms persist at least ____________ and are exhibited in at least ___ of ___ settings,
- Outbursts are inconsistent with the individual’s developmental level and occur, on average, ___ times per week.
- Temper
- Provocation
- 2 weeks
- 2 of 3
- 3
A diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder cannot be diagnosed before the individual is at least ___ years of age or after he/she is ___ years of age, and age of onset must be before age ___.
- 6
- 18
- 10
A diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder requires the presence of at least ___ symptoms of a major depressive episode nearly every day for at least __________, with at least one symptom being depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure (or, in children and adolescents, a depressed or irritable mood).
- 5
- 2 weeks
Symptoms of a major depressive episode include:
- Depressed mood
- Diminished interest/pleasure in most activities
- Significant changes in ____________ and/or ____________
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Psychomotor ___________ or __________
- Fatigue/energy loss
- Feelings of ___________ or excessive _________
- Diminished ability to think/concentrate
- Recurrent thoughts of death
- Recurrent suicidal ideation
- Suicide attempt
- Weight
- Appetite
- Agitation
- Retardation
- Worthlessness
- Guilt
Specifiers for MDD address severity, course, and accompanying features. The latter include with _____________ features, with atypical features, with _________ onset, and with _____________ pattern.
- Psychotic
- Peripartum
- Seasonal
The specifier of with peripartum onset is applied to MDD, Bipolar I, and Bipolar II when the onset is during pregnancy or within _______ postpartum.
4 weeks.
Depression with peripartum onset is often characterized by __________, preoccupation with the infant’s well-being, and (in extreme cases) _____________ about the infant.
- Anxiety
- Delusions
About ___ to ___% of women experience depression either during pregnancy or in the first several months after giving birth, while ___ to ___% develop postpartum psychosis.
- 10 to 20%
- .1 to .2%
“Baby blues,” characterized by mild transitory mood symptoms, affects up to ___% of women during the first ____________ following delivery.
- 80
- 2 weeks
The specifier, with seasonal pattern, is applied to MDD, Bipolar I, and Bipolar II Disorder when there is a ______________ relationship between the onset of a mood episode and the _______________.
- Temporal
- Time of year
Mood fluctuations corresponding to changes in time/season is also known as __________________ (SAD), and occurs most often in the ______________ in the Northern Hemisphere.
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Winter
SAD is associated with _______________, increased appetite and weight gain, and craving for _____________.
- Hypersomnia
- Carbohydrates
SAD has been linked to increases in ____________ levels, a phase-delay in _______________, and ________________ dysfunction.
- Melatonin
- Circadian rhythms
- Serotonergic
EEG abnormalities during sleep are experienced by ___ to ___% of outpatients experiencing a major depressive episode.
40 to 60%.
____% of people with MDD experience anxiety during their lifespan.
60%.
According to the DSM-5, the 12-month prevalence rate for MDD in the U.S. is about ___%, with marked age-related differences:
- The prevalence for individuals 18-29 is ___ times that of individuals 60+
- Prior to puberty, rates are ________ between males and females
- Beginning in early adolescence, the rate of MDD for females is ___ to ___ times the rate for males.
- 7%
- 3
- Equal
- 1.5 to 3
The peak age of onset of MDD is the ________, with variable course duration and number of episodes.
Mid-20s.
MDD symptoms vary somewhat with age:
- In children, somatic complaints, ___________, and social withdrawal are common
- In preadolescents (esp. boys), _____________ and destructiveness sometimes occur
- In older adults, memory loss, _____________, disorientation, and other cognitive symptoms may be present
- Irritability
- Aggressiveness
- Distractibility
Concordance rates for MDD:
- Monozygotic twins:
- Dizygotic twins:
- MDD is ___ to ___ times more common among first-degree biological relatives of individuals with the disorder than the general population.
- .50
- 0.20
- 1.5 to 3.0
Research has also supported a link between MDD and the personality trait ________________.
Neuroticism.
According to the __________________, some forms of depression are due to a deficiency in norepinephrine.
Catecholamine Hypothesis.
According to the ___________________, depression is the result of low levels of serotonin.
Indolamine hypothesis.
Depression has also been linked to elevated levels of _______________, which causes atrophy of neurons in the hippocampus; there is evidence that the total duration of untreated depression correlates with the amount of _____________ of the hippocampus.
- Cortisol
- Shrinkage
Lewinsohn’s (1974) Behavioral Theory of Depression is based on the principles of ________________, and attributes the disorder to a low rate of ________________ reinforcement for social and other behaviors, resulting in extinction of those behaviors and pessimism, low self-esteem, social isolation, and other features of depression.
- Operant conditioning
- Response-contingent
