Personality

Question 1

What is personality?

Answer 1

The sum total of an individual’s characteristics, which make them unique

Question 2

What are the 2 theories?

Answer 2

Trait

Interactionist

Question 3

What is the trait theory

Answer 3

Suggests that we act a certain way because we are born with a series of traits, inherited from our parents

Question 4

Trait theory states that everyone has 2 main traits:

Answer 4

Stable or Neurotic

Introvert or Extrovert

Question 5

Problems with trait theory

Answer 5

Too simple
Fails to recognise that people change
Fails to recognise that people have different personalities to their parents
Too general
Fails to recognise the effects of environmental situations
Validity- produces a limited view of what personality is

Question 6

What is the interactionist theory

Answer 6

Our personality depends on our inherited traits and the environment and situation we find ourselves in
Social learning - tend to have similar traits to significant others

Question 7

What is Lewin’s formula:

Answer 7

B=f(P.E)

Question 8

What does Lewin’s formula stand for:

Answer 8

Behaviour is a function of our Personality traits and the Environment in which we find ourselves

Question 9

What is Hollander’s model:

Answer 9

Social environment (behaviour/expectations of others affects our role)
Role-related behaviour (behave differently due to emotions - most changeable aspect)
Typical behaviour (way an individual responds in a certain situation)
Psychological core (beliefs & values that remain constant)

Question 10

What does Hollander’s model suggest?

Answer 10

That our personality is a layered structure

Question 11

Interactionist theory tells us:

Answer 11

our behaviour will be predictable in a particular environment
Individuals behaviour can change in different environments
Why different people act differently in the same situation
Traits differ they will act differently in the same environment

Question 12

3 ways to measure personality:

Answer 12

Questionnaires
Observations
Interviews

Question 13

Positives of questionnaires:

Answer 13

Cheap/easy
fairly reliable
can be used almost anywhere
produce a large amount of data that can be analysed

Question 14

Negatives of questionnaires:

Answer 14

Questions hard to answer accurately
Difficult to assess personality
Validity: unsure what personality is

Question 15

Positives of observations:

Answer 15

Produce personality profiles to compare to others

Able to operate as they naturally(in real life situations)

Question 16

Negatives of observations:

Answer 16

More expensive
time consuming
may have low validity as participant may know they’re being observed - behaviour affected

Question 17

Positives of interviews:

Answer 17

Greater validity than questionnaire

can uncover issues with individuals as answers are not limited to yes-no

Question 18

Negatives of interviews:

Answer 18

Lower reliability than questionnaire

Very expensive and time consuming

Question 19

Profile of mood states (POMS) is designed to measure:

Answer 19

Tension
Depression
Anger
Vigour
Fatigue
Confusion

Question 20

POMS is based on:

Answer 20

moods rather than traits of those who participate in sport

Question 21

Problems with POMS:

Answer 21

Not applicable to all athletes

Not every elite athlete in every sport will show the iceburg profile

Question 22

What does POMS show:

Answer 22

Successful athletes tend to score higher on vigour
^ tend to score lower on tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion
^ show iceburg profile - if an athlete doesnt show it then there may be something wrong with the preparation of the performer, e.g. overtrained

Question 23

Personality for team sports:

Answer 23

extroverts and neurotic

Question 24

Personality for solo sports:

Answer 24

introverts and stable

Question 25

Athletes tend to be competitive and outgoing and have high self-confidence - personality testing might be able to identify:

Answer 25

those who may go on to achieve

Question 26

What is achievement motivation?

Answer 26

an individual’s behaviour is determined by their interaction with the environment and their desire to succeed
TYPE OF INTERACTIONIST THEORY

Question 27

2 types of motives:

Answer 27

motive to achieve

motive to avoid failure

Question 28

Achievement motivation theory suggests that:

Answer 28

we have within our personalities a need to achieve or a need to avoid failure (traits)

Question 29

a nAch personality is:

Answer 29

someone who has a greater need to achieve

they appear to seek out competitive situations and show ‘approach behaviours’

Question 30

a Naf personality is:

Answer 30

someone who seems intent on avoiding competitive situations because they have a need to avoid failure
show ‘avoidance behaviours’

Question 31

2 ways to view success:

Answer 31

beaten someone else - victory is everything and a demonstration of their superiority - EGO ORIENTATED

predominantly internal, due to their own efforts and abilities, they dont mind losing if they have achieved a personal best - TASK ORIENTATED

Question 32

Measuring achievement motivation can be beneficial for a coach as it:

Answer 32

gives information on what type of motivational strategy should be adapted

Question 33

Characteristics of nAch:

Answer 33

approach behaviours
prefer tasks with at least 50% chance of success
would rather play than not
seeks out challenges
will do extra training
enjoys performing in situations where they're being evaluated
Not afraid to fail
Task persistance
Values feedback from others

Question 34

Characteristics of Naf:

Answer 34

avoidance behaviours
prefer tasks where the outcome is relatively certain
prefers to avoid any competitive situation
avoids challenging tasks
avoids situations where success is 50:50
^ where evaluation by others is possible
lacks task persistence
doesnt value feedback