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A2 PE > LEWIS: Aerobic Energy System > Flashcards

LEWIS: Aerobic Energy System Flashcards

1
Q

In order to move our muscles need to

A

contract

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2
Q

For our muscles to contract they need a supply of

A

energy

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3
Q

The energy we need for muscle contractions is supplied to us in the form of food which is broken down within cells to release energy that is used to form

A

chemicals

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4
Q

These chemicals can be broken down to release the energy stored within them, therefore the body uses

A

chemical energy

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5
Q

Muscles use the chemical energy stored in specific compounds to move. The body then converts the energy found into a form that it can

A

handle

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6
Q

The immediately/directly usable form of chemical energy for muscular activity is

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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7
Q

It’s the body’s job to transfer the chemical energy stored in the food we eat into the suable energy found in ATP. Energy is released when ATP is

A

broken down

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8
Q

Energy is required when ATP is

A

resynthesised

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9
Q

The breakdown of ATP releases

A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (P)

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10
Q

Equation for ATP breakdown:

A

ATP -> ADP + P + ENERGY

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11
Q

The body then rebuilds/re-synthesises ATP from the breakdown products:

A

ADP + P + ENERGY -> ATP

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12
Q

When a muscle fibre needs ATP to supply the energy for the fibre to contract, that ATP has to be

A

produced or resynthesised right away

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13
Q

Able to resynthesise ATP from 3 different types of chemical reactions that take place within the muscle cells:

A

2 depend on the food we eat

3rd relies on phosphocreatine found in muscles

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14
Q

Everyday tasks uses energy that involves chemical reactions that use

A

oxygen

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15
Q

Using oxygen in order to produce the ATP that we need is said to involve

A

aerobic processes

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16
Q

We obtain our energy from the food we

A

eat

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17
Q

6 classes of food - 3 which can be used as energy sources:

A

Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins

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18
Q

Carbohydrates broken down/digested to

A

glucose

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19
Q

Glucose is the main form of carbohydrate found in the body and dissolves in

A

blood plasma

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20
Q

Fats broken down/digested to

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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21
Q

Fats are stored in cells that make up a special tissue mainly found under the skin and surrounding major organs known as

A

adipose tissue

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22
Q

When fats are stored and used as an energy source they are known as

A

triglycerides

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23
Q

Proteins are digested into

A

amino acids

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24
Q

These energy sources once broken down then enter the blood system and become available for the

A

body

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25
Q

Carbohydrate -> glucose dissolves into the blood plasma and circulates around the body in the blood system
This glucose may be used by

A

all cells and tissues, including working muscles, as an energy source for the resynthesis of ATP

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26
Q

Any excess glucose that enters the blood following digestion of a meal may be stored in

A

muscles and liver as glycogen

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27
Q

glycogen may also be used as a source of ATP by muscles as it is

A

easily and quickly broken down into glucose

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28
Q

When our liver and muscle glycogen stores are full, any excess glucose from digestion is converted into fat droplets and stored in

A

adipose tissue

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29
Q

The glycerol and fatty acids (called free fatty acids when in the blood) that are formed during fat digestion may be used directly from the blood, but most are converted back into

A

fats and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue

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30
Q

Glycerol may be converted into glucose which is what happens when the diet is lacking in carbohydrate or when

A

glycogen stores have been depleted as may happen during long-duration exercise that demands continuous energy supplies (e.g. a marathon)

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31
Q

Amino acids (breakdown products of proteins) are usually used by the body for

A

growth and repair

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32
Q

Unlike carbohydrates and fats, amino acids cannot be stored, instead they are

A

broken down by the liver, and the nitrogen-containing part of the molecule is excreted as urea

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33
Q

When we exercise, the part of the amino acid left after the urea has been removed may be

A

converted into glucose or used in some stage of the energy production system

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34
Q

Interconversions of the energy sources are mainly a function of the

A

liver

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35
Q

Some conversions are easier than others, thus the liver readily converts excess glucose into fat, but less readily into

A

glycogen

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36
Q

Reverse reactions, the conversion of glycogen into glucose is easily done in the liver, but less readily accomplished in

A

muscles

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37
Q

Resting 1/2 - 2/3 of our energy comes from

A

fats

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38
Q

Resting 1/2 - 1/3 of our energy comes from

A

carbohydrates

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39
Q

Ratio of energy sources changes when exercising, but the exact proportions depends on many factors such as:

A
  • Type of exercise
  • Type of diet
  • Performer’s fitness level
  • Type of muscle fibres involved in the exercise
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40
Q

Provided that the supply of oxygen to the muscles can be maintained, the complete breakdown of glycogen and glucose to provide energy for ATP resynthesis is

A

possible

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41
Q

Breakdown of glycogen and glucose using oxygen is said to be an

A

aerobic process

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42
Q

Exercising muscles can obtain carbs from

A

glycogen stored in the liver and muscles
glucose circulating in the blood
fat either circulating in blood or stored in adipose tissue

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43
Q

Most of the glycogen stored in the liver is used for

A

an emergency supply for the brain in case blood glucose levels fall

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44
Q

The use of protein as an energy source is fairly complex but also happens to be small enough to be

A

negligible

45
Q

Problems with using glycogen as an energy source are:

A
  • stores are limited

- muscle fatigue occurs rapidly when stores are depleted

46
Q

Muscle glycogen stores are fully depleted with any exercise that lasts longer than

A

2 hours

47
Q

During recovery from exercise, there is an initial rapid replacement of used glycogen, but complete recovery may take more than

A

24 hours

48
Q

The longer an exercise lasts (more endurance based it is) the more we tend to use

A

fats as an energy source

49
Q

Fats may only be used as an energy source if

A

oxygen is present

50
Q

The use of fat as an energy source therefore depends on the supply of oxygen to the

A

muscles

51
Q

In slow-twitch muscle fibres, especially, fat is the main source of energy during most activities that last

A

longer than 1 hour

52
Q

Because training increases the body’s capacity to supply oxygen to the working muscles, it also increases the muscle fibres’ ability to use

A

fats as an energy source

53
Q

Glycerol and fatty acids need to be supplied by the blood when used as

A

energy sources

54
Q

Glycerol released from fat stores may enter the energy pathways or be converted into

A

glucose for use in the normal way

55
Q

Adipose tissue releases free fatty acids, which are transported around the blood, bound to

A

proteins

56
Q

Molecules of glucose, glycogen and fats are completely broken down in the presence of

A

oxygen

57
Q

Complete breakdown of carbs and fats produces:

A
  • carbon and oxygen (CO2)
  • Hydrogen and oxygen (Water)
  • energy for ATP resynthesis
58
Q

Majority of ATP production is confined to

A

mitochondria

59
Q

Muscle cells tend to have large numbers of

A

mitochondria

60
Q

The aerobic production of ATP has 4 advantages over other systems:

A
  • No fatigue by-products
  • Abundant supply of starting chemicals
  • 36-38 ATP molecules gained from 1 ATP
  • Slow twitch fibres provide a continuous supply of energy over a long period of time
61
Q

1st stage of aerobic system:

A

Glycolysis

62
Q

Glycolysis involves:

A
  • Glycogen broken down into glucose

- Production of pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

63
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the

A

sarcoplasm of muscle cells

64
Q

During glycolysis how many ATP molecules are made for each molecule of glucose?

A

4

65
Q

Pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is added to the enzyme

A

coenzyme A (CoA)

66
Q

Pyruvic acid + CoA =

A

acetyl CoA to allow it to enter the next stage

67
Q

2nd stage of aerobic system =

A

Krebs cycle

68
Q

Krebs cycle occurs within the

A

mitochondria

69
Q

The Krebs cycle consists of a series of 8 enzyme-driven reactions that oxidise acetyl CoA to

A

carbon dioxide

70
Q

(KC) Hydrogen atoms that are part of acetyl CoA are transferred to chemicals called

A

hydrogen carriers

71
Q

(KC) Hydrogen carriers eventually enter the next stage of aerobic metabolism known as

A

the electron transfer chain

72
Q

In the ETC a series of carrier molecules are involved in the oxidising of the hydrogen contained within the hydrogen carriers, producing water as a by-product and generating a large supply of ATP:

A

34 molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule

73
Q

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis eventually becomes converted into CO2 and water and large amounts of energy are released in the form of ATP - this process requires large amounts of

A

oxygen for its completion

74
Q

Fatty acids from the breakdown of triglycerides are themselves broken down within the sarcoplasm by a process called

A

beta-oxidation

75
Q

Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of fats into

A

acetyl CoA within the sarcoplasm

76
Q

(BETA-OXIDATION) acetyl CoA can then enter the KC and eventually the ETC for

A

ATP production

77
Q

During exercise, reliance on fats diminishes dramatically in explosive sports, but in endurance events the mixed use of

A

fats and carbs = important

78
Q

Mix of carbs and fats depends on 4 factors:

A

intensity
duration
athlete’s level of fitness
diet and nutritional status

79
Q

1st stage of fat break down is the beta-oxidation of these free fatty acids into acetyl CoA. This ‘prepares’ the fatty acid for entry into the

A

mitochondria

80
Q

Final result of fat break down once fatty acid is in mitochondria =

A

water and carbon dioxide are produced

Energy is released from ATP resynthesis

81
Q

If exercise is slow continuous activity, fats can be the

A

main energy source

82
Q

Fat requires more oxygen for breakdown than glucose as it has more carbon atoms in its structure. Aerobic processes convert those carbon atoms into

A

co2

83
Q

Limited oxygen supply =

A

limits KC and ETC

84
Q

Limited oxygen supply occurs during

A

intensive exercise

85
Q

When there is not enough o2 available, the preferred energy source =

A

glucose

86
Q

Appropriate training increases the body’s ability to

A

take in oxygen to the muscles and therefore increase the ability to use fat for energy

87
Q

Limitations of fat as an energy source:

A
  • Unavailable in limited oxygen supplies (explosive exercise)
  • Fat stores = excess non-functional weight
88
Q

Endurance training increases the body’s ability to

A

release free fatty acids from their fat stores - trained performer can use more fats for energy than untrained

89
Q

Breakdown of fats requires carbs presence as they enable the KC within the mitochondria to

A

operate

90
Q

Demand for energy remains high during prolonged, continuous exercise, glycogen stores become depleted and the breakdown of fats will slow because of the

A

lack of carbs

91
Q

When glycogen stores have depleted and KC slows as a result as well as ATP resynthesis, it is known as

A

‘hitting the wall’

92
Q

Disadvantage of fats:

A

-Can restrict joint movement

93
Q

11 Adaptations due to training:

A
  • cardiac hypertrophy
  • increased resting stroke volume
  • decreased resting HR
  • reduced exercising and maximal heart rate
  • increased blood volume and haemoglobin
  • increased muscle stores of glycogen and triglycerides
  • increased myoglobin content in muscles
  • increased capillarisation of muscle
  • increased number and size of mitochondria
  • increased concentrations of oxidative enzymes
  • beta-oxidation becomes more efficient
94
Q

As a result of adaptations following training what increases:

A

VO2 max

95
Q

VO2 max is the

A

maximum amount of oxygen consumed and utilised per minute

96
Q

VO2 max is also known as

A

aerobic capacity

97
Q

fuels used in
GLYCOLYSIS =
KREBS CYCLE =

A

GLYCOGEN/GLUCOSE

FATTY ACIDS

98
Q

Molecules of ATP produced in:
GLYCOLYSIS =
KREBS CYCLE =
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN =

A

2
2
34

99
Q

2 Drawbacks of aerobic energy system:

A
  • presence of oxygen = lower intensity or 3 minute threshold

- relies heavily on glycogen stores initially

100
Q

training methods for aerobic energy system:

A
  • continuous training (60-80% max HR)

- low intensity fartlek training

101
Q

What sports use aerobic energy system:

A

1500m

marathon

102
Q

When we exercise, or even when we are at rest, our bodies are using oxygen to

A

Resynthesise ATP

103
Q

ATP is needed for:

A

The heart
The muscles of respiration to contract
Keep brain functioning

104
Q

The amount of oxygen used by the body to produce ATP is called

A

Oxygen consumption

105
Q

When we begin to exercise we need more ATP and therefore use more oxygen so our

A

Oxygen consumption increases

106
Q

When we exercise, or even when we are at rest, our bodies are using oxygen to

A

Resynthesise ATP

107
Q

ATP is needed for:

A

The heart
The muscles of respiration to contract
Keep brain functioning

108
Q

The amount of oxygen used by the body to produce ATP is called

A

Oxygen consumption

109
Q

When we begin to exercise we need more ATP and therefore use more oxygen so our

A

Oxygen consumption increases

A2 PE (27 decks)

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