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Neuroanatomy > Peripheral Receptors > Flashcards

Peripheral Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What do peripheral nerves contain?

A

Axons, supporting Schwann cells, connective tissue and blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the range of diameter of axons?

A

0.2-20um

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3
Q

What axons are myelinated?

A

Axons above 1-1.5um

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4
Q

What produces a myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cells

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5
Q

The minimum strength that a receptor can detect is called?

A

The sensory threshold

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6
Q

What is conveyed to the CNS in the frequency of action potentials?

A

Intensity

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7
Q

The minimum distance between two stimuli that can be detected as separate is defined as?

A

Two-point discrimination

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8
Q

If a stimulus is continuous for a period of time, the neural response becomes diminished. What is this termed?

A

Receptor adaptation

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9
Q

What do tactile receptors associated with the skin perceive?

A

Touch, pressure and vibration

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10
Q

What are the receptors associated with the skin?

A

Hair follicle receptors, Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini’s endings, Merkel’s nerve endings and Free nerve endings.

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11
Q

What receptors are termed encapsulated endings?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini’s endings

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12
Q

What are the encapsulated endings surrounded by?

A

Connective tissue capsule

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13
Q

How are hair follicle receptors formed?

A

From axons that surround or run parallel to hair follicles

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14
Q

What do hair follicle receptors respond to?

A

The bending of the hair shaft and serve as receptors for light touch

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15
Q

What are hair follicle receptors also called?

A

Peritrichial endings

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16
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found?

A

Concentrated in glabrous skin in the dermal papillae

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17
Q

Are the axons myelinated or unmyelinated in Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Unmyelinated

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18
Q

What surrounds the Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Surrounded by a connective tissue sheath

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19
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles sensitive to?

A

Touch and vibration

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20
Q

Are Pacinian corpuscles large or small?

A

Large (more than 1000um)

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21
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

Deep in the dermis or in the hypodermis

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22
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles made of?

A

Concentric layers of flat cells with fluid and connective tissue between the layers

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23
Q

Is the innervating fiber in the Pacinian corpuscle myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Myelinated

24
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles respond to?

A

Pressure and vibration

25
Q

Are Ruffini’s endings small or large?

A

Small (1-2um)

26
Q

Where are Ruffini’s endings found?

A

Dermis

27
Q

What do the Ruffini’s endings consist of?

A

A capsule that surrounds fluid and collagen fibrils which are continuous with the surrounding collagen of the dermis

28
Q

Does a myelinated or unmyelinated axon enter the capsule of the Ruffini’s ending?

A

Myelinated

29
Q

What do Ruffini’s endings respond to?

A

Stretch of the collagen fibres

30
Q

Where are Merkel’s disks found?

A

Lips, fingers, toes and genitalia

31
Q

What do Merkel’s disks consist of?

A

Specialised large epithelial cell in the basal layer of the epidermis which is in contact with a disk-like ending of an axon

32
Q

What are Merkel’s disks sensitive to?

A

Pressure

33
Q

Where are free nerve endings found?

A

Skin, ligaments, meninges and organ capsules

34
Q

If the nerve endings are myelinated what does that mean for the diameter?

A

Small

35
Q

What do free nerve endings respond to?

A

Light touch, heat/cold and act as pain receptors

36
Q

What fibres are present in muscle spindles?

A

Intrafusal fibres

37
Q

What are normal contractile muscle fibres called?

A

Extrafusal fibres

38
Q

What are the two types of intrafusal fibers?

A

Nuclear chain fibres and nuclear bag fibres

39
Q

Describe the nuclei in nuclear chain fibres?

A

In a line

40
Q

Describe the nuclei in nuclear bag fibres?

A

Swelling in the middle where the nuclei congregate

41
Q

Are intafusal fibres contractile?

A

Yes

42
Q

What are intrafusal fibres innervated by?

A

Smaller motor neurons

43
Q

What are the two types of sensory axons within the muscle spindle?

A

Annulospiral endings and flower spray endings

44
Q

What do the sensory axons respond to?

A

Stretch

45
Q

What do the sensory axons influence?

A

The alpha motor neurons of the muscle in a reflex

46
Q

Muscles that exhibit fine control have a higher?

A

Density of muscle spindles

47
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs found?

A

In tendons near the myotendonous junction

48
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres innervated by?

A

Motor neurons

49
Q

Where are the cell bodies found in motor neurons?

A

In the brainstem or in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

50
Q

What are the three cells involved in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Motor neuron, muscle fibers and schwann cell

51
Q

What vesicles are present in the motor neuron?

A

Synaptic vesicles

52
Q

The specialised region of the muscle finer that receives the nerve terminal is called?

A

Sole plate

53
Q

What does the sole plate form?

A

Postsynaptic element of the synapse

54
Q

Each nerve terminal sits in a depression in the muscle fibre surface called?

A

A primary synaptic cleft

55
Q

What are the main glial cells in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

56
Q

What is the name given to the schwann cell essentially covers over the cell processes forming the synapse?

A

Perisynaptic

57
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Motor axons terminate at a motor end-plate and action potentials arriving in the axon cause release of ACH and initiate an action potential in the sarcolemma

Neuroanatomy (29 decks)

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