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Neuroanatomy > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principle cells of the CNS?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

How do neurons receive information?

A

Synapses

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3
Q

What are multipolar with many dendrites and one axons?

A

Neurons

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4
Q

What are a group of neurons (cell bodies) found outside the CNS called?

A

Ganglia

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5
Q

What is a cell body also known as?

A

Soma

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6
Q

What contains the nucleus and most of the cell organelles?

A

Cell body

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7
Q

What is the long process of a neurone called?

A

Axon

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8
Q

What is responsible for transmitting data from the neurone to other cells?

A

Axon

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9
Q

What are the short branched processes of a neurone?

A

Dendrite

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10
Q

What increases the surface area available for connections from axons of other neurons?

A

Dendrites

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11
Q

What is between axon and other cells to allow communication?

A

Synapses

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12
Q

Where does the axon arise from?

A

A swelling in the soma called the axon hillock

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13
Q

Where do action potential arise?

A

Axon hillock

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14
Q

What does the axon hillock lead to?

A

Initial segment of the axon

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15
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar and pseudounipolar

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16
Q

Describe the multipolar neurones?

A

Many dendrites and one axon

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17
Q

Describe the bipolar neurons?

A

One dendrite and one axon

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18
Q

Describe the pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Short process give rise to axon in both directions

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19
Q

What is axonal transport?

A

Energy consuming mechanism to move material up and down the axon

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20
Q

What helps axonal transport t work?

A

Kinesin

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21
Q

What is the fast axonal transport called?

A

Anterograde transport

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22
Q

What is the middle axon transport called?

A

Retrograde transport

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23
Q

What is the region containing neuronal and glial cell processes containing myriad synaptic contacts?

A

Neuropil

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24
Q

What do the vesicles at the end of axons contain?

A

Neurotransmitters

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25
Q

What is often called a terminal bouton?

A

Presynaptic axon terminal

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26
Q

What are the four types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

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27
Q

What are the roles of astrocytes?

A

Provide some physical support for the tissue by providing a scaffolding for other cells.

They surround synapses containing a neurotransmitter that held terminate the effect of the transmitter

Help maintain the extracellular environment

Participate in the formation of the blood-brain barrier

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28
Q

What are the two forms of astrocytes?

A

Fibrous astrocyte and protoplasmic astrocyte

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29
Q

What astrocyte is most common in white matter?

A

Fibrous astrocyte

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30
Q

What astrocyte has numerous short branching processes?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

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31
Q

What astrocyte is found in grey matter?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

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32
Q

Since astrocytes end in flattened processes they are called?

A

Endfeet

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33
Q

The astrocyte end feet do not have tight junctions therefore?

A

They do not form the actual blood-brain barrier but induce capillary endothelium to form tight junctions

34
Q

What is the covering to the CNS below the pia and ependymal lining of ventricles?

A

Glia limitans

35
Q

What produces myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

36
Q

In the CNS, one oligodendrocyte produces?

A

Several internodes of myelin

37
Q

In the PNS, what produces myelin?

A

Schwann cells

38
Q

What cells have a similar lineage to macrophages?

A

Microglia cells

39
Q

What acts as an antigen presenting cell?

A

Microglia

40
Q

What are the smallest glial cells?

A

Microglia

41
Q

What are the second population of immune cells called?

A

Perivascular macrophages

42
Q

Where are perivascular macrophages found?

A

Around blood vessels

43
Q

What are cuboidal/columnar epithelium-like cells that line the ventricles?

A

Ependymal cells

44
Q

What are ependymal cells called?

A

Ependymocytes

45
Q

Why do ependymocytes lack tight junctions?

A

To allow free exchange between the CSF and the CNS parenchyma

46
Q

What fills the ventricles?

A

CSF

47
Q

What do the ependymal cells line?

A

Ventricles and central canal

48
Q

What are tanycytes?

A

Subset of ependymocytes

49
Q

Where are tanycytes found?

A

Lining 3rd ventricle

50
Q

What cells monitor hormone levels in the CSF?

A

Tanycytes

51
Q

The PNS consists of?

A

Nerves and ganglia

52
Q

What includes both the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

PNS

53
Q

What are neuronal relay centres in the PNS?

A

Ganglia

54
Q

What does a ganglia comprise of?

A

Neuron cell body, support cells, axons, loose connective tissue

55
Q

What are the support cells in PNS ganglia?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

56
Q

What cells surround the neuronal cell body?

A

Satellite cells and schwann cells

57
Q

What are the two types of ganglia?

A

Dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia

58
Q

What is a collection of axons linked together by support tissue?

A

Nerve

59
Q

Another word for motor?

A

Efferent

60
Q

Another word for sensory?

A

Afferent

61
Q

A peripheral nerve is composed of?

A

Axons, Schwann cells, fibroblasts and blood vessels

62
Q

Bundles of axons are referred to as?

A

Fascicle

63
Q

What are the connective tissue sheaths of a nerve?

A

Epineurium, Perineurium and Endoneurium

64
Q

What sheath surround the whole nerve?

A

Epineurium

65
Q

What sheath surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perineurium

66
Q

What sheath surrounds fibres within a fascicle?

A

Endoneurium

67
Q

What are the schwann cell-unmyleinated axon groups called?

A

Remak bundles

68
Q

Each schwann cell makes a myelin sheath around?

A

A single axon

69
Q

Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths and each one makes myelin around?

A

Many axons

70
Q

What are the gaps in the myelin sheaths called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

71
Q

In motor neurons, the axons end in?

A

Neuromuscular junctions on voluntary muscle (e.g. smooth muscle/glands)

72
Q

Where are Ruffini endings found?

A

Glabrous skin

73
Q

Where is the Pacinian corpuscle found?

A

Deep in the dermis

74
Q

Where is Meissner’s corpuscles found?

A

Dermal papillae

75
Q

What does the neuromuscular junction consist of?

A

Presynaptic terminal and motor end plate

76
Q

What are the two types of cortex?

A

Allocortex and neocortex

77
Q

What is the allocortex subdivided into?

A

Archicortex and paleocortex

78
Q

What part of the cortex is found in the hippocampus?

A

Archiocortex

79
Q

What part of the cortex is found in the olfactory cortex?

A

Paleocortex

80
Q

What are the layers of the cortex?

A

Molecular layer, External granular layer, External pyramidal layer, Internal granular layer, Internal pyramidal layer and multiform layer

81
Q

The cerebellar context has how many layers?

A

three

82
Q

What matter is found in the deepest layer of the cortex?

A

White matter

Neuroanatomy (29 decks)

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