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Neuroanatomy > Basil Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basil Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior, Posterior and Flocculondular

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2
Q

On the Arbor Vitae, what are the indentations referred to as?

A

Sulci or fissures

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3
Q

On the Arbor Vitae, what are the gyri called?

A

Folia

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4
Q

The white matter in the Arbor Vitae contains?

A

Grey matter

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5
Q

What is the small region of grey matter within the Arbor Vitae?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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6
Q

What attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Peduncles

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7
Q

What are the four deep cerebellar nuclei from lateral to medial?

A

Dentate, emboliform, globose and fastigial

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8
Q

What is the largest and most lateral nucleus of the deep cerebellar?

A

Dentate

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9
Q

What is the second largest and most medial nucleus of the deep cerebellar?

A

Fastigial

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10
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

Molecular layer (outer), Purkinje cell layer (middle), Granule cell layer (inner)

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11
Q

What afferent fibres to the cerebellum come from spinal cord?

A

Spinocerebellar fibers

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12
Q

What afferent fibres to cerebellum come from pons?

A

Pontocerebellar fibres

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13
Q

Where does the pontocerebellar fibres receive input from?

A

Cerebral cortex via corticopontine fibres

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14
Q

What afferent fibres to cerebellum come from the vestibular nuclei?

A

Vestibulocerebellar fibres

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15
Q

What afferent fibres to cerebellum come from the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Olivocerebellar fibres

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16
Q

Where do the afferent projections to the cerebellum enter?

A

Via cerebellar peduncles

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17
Q

How do the afferent projections reach the cerebellar cortex as?

A

Climbing fibres or Mossy fibres

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18
Q

Where do climbing fibres originate?

A

In the inferior olivary nucleus

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19
Q

Cerebellar afferents from other sources end as?

A

Mossy fibres

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20
Q

Explain the synapse of the climbing fibres?

A

Synapse discretely but extensively on a purkinje cell

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21
Q

Explain the synapse of the mossy fibres?

A

Synapse diffusely on Granule cells in the granule cell layer

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22
Q

From the cerebellum the only output is via?

A

The axons of purkinje cells

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23
Q

Where do purkinje cells synapse?

A

On neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei

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24
Q

What purkinje cells project directly to vestibular nuclei?

A

Flocculonodular

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25
Q

What axons of the deep cerebellar nuclei cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus?

A

Efferent

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26
Q

Where does the thalamus send fibres to?

A

Motor cortex

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27
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei sends fibres to?

A

Vestibular nuclei, red nucleus and reticular formation

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28
Q

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibiulocerebellum, Spinocerebellum and Pontocerebellum

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29
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum consist of?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

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30
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?

A

Vestibular nuclei

31
Q

What is the main function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Maintaining balance

32
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum project to?

A

Reticular formation and vestibular nuclei and from there to the spinal cord

33
Q

How does the vestibulocerebellum project from the vestibular nuclei to the spinal cord?

A

Via reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

34
Q

What does the spinocerebellum consist of?

A

The vermis and globose and emboliform nuclei

35
Q

What is the main function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Posture and muscle tone

36
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum receive input from?

A

Spinocerebellar tracts carrying proprioception, touch and pressure information

37
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum project via DCN to?

A

Thalamus, red nucleus, reticular formation and vestibular nucleus

38
Q

What does the pontocerebellum consist of?

A

Cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus

39
Q

What is the main function of pontocerebellum?

A

Muscle coordination

40
Q

Where does the pontocerebellum receive input from?

A

Pontine nuclei

41
Q

What nuclei receives fibres from the cerebral cortex?

A

Pontine nuclei

42
Q

Where does the pontocerebellum project to?

A

Thalamic area that projects into motor cortex and red nucleus

43
Q

What are the three peduncles of the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles, Inferior cerebellar peduncle and Middle cerebellar peduncle

44
Q

What are the afferent fibres of the superior cerebellar peduncles?

A

Ventral spinocerebellar tract and Tectocerebellar fibres

45
Q

What are the efferent fibres of the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Cerebellothalamic fibres

46
Q

What are the afferent fibres of the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Pontocerebellar fibres

47
Q

Is there any efferent fibres of the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

No

48
Q

Describe a middle lesion?

A

Disturbance of postural control

Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination

49
Q

Describe unilateral hemispheric lesion?

A

Disturbance of coordination in limbs.

Results in intention tremor and instead gait in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

Lesions will affective ipsilateral side of the body

50
Q

Describe the bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?

A

Results in slowed, slurred speech (dysarthria)

Bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering, wide based gait (cerebellar ataxia)

51
Q

Acute alcohol exposure results in?

A

Bilateral cerebellar hemisphere dysfunction and presents with cerebellar ataxia

52
Q

What are the functions of the basal Ganglia

A

To facilitate purposeful movement

Inhibit unwanted movements

Role in posture and muscle tone

53
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere

54
Q

What is involved in the basal ganglia?

A

Corpus striatum, Striatum, Pallidum, Subthalamic nucleus and Substantia nigra

55
Q

What is the corpus striatum?

A

A region of grey matter associated with the lateral ventricle

56
Q

What is involved in the corpus striatum?

A

Striatum and Pallidum

Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

57
Q

What does the striatum include?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

58
Q

What does the palladium include?

A

Globus pallidus

59
Q

What are the putamen and globus pallidus referred to as?

A

Lentiform nucleus

60
Q

Where is the anterior limb of internal capsule between?

A

Lentiform and caudate nuclei

61
Q

Where is the posterior limb of internal capsule between?

A

Lentiform nucleus and thalamus

62
Q

Location of basal ganglia in axial brain slices?

A

Head of caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus and tail of caudate nucleus

63
Q

Location of the basal ganglia in coronal brain slice?

A

Caudate nucleus, Putamen and Globus pallidus

64
Q

Where is the subthalamic nucleus?

A

Below the thalamus

65
Q

Where does the striatum receive input from?

A 
Cerebral cortex (corticostriatal))
Thalamus (Thalamostriatal)
Substantia nigra (Nigrostriatal)
66
Q

Where does the striatum send fibres to?

A

Globus pallidus (striatopallidal) and Substantia nigra (striatonigral)

67
Q

Where does the globus pallidus receive input from?

A

Straitum (Striatopallidal) and Subthalamic nucles (Subthalamopallidal)

68
Q

Where does the globus pallidus send fibres to?

A

Thalamus (palladothalamic) and Subthalamic nucleus (pallidosubthalamic)
Pons

69
Q

What side of the body does unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect?

A

Contralateral

70
Q

Lesions of the basal ganglia do not cause?

A

Paralysis, sensory loss, loss of power or ataxia

71
Q

What do lesions of the basal ganglia cause?

A

Abnormal muscle control, changes in muscle tone, dyskinesias including: tremor, chorea and myoclonus

72
Q

What are the two disorders associated with basal ganglia?

A

Parkinsons Disease and Huntingtons Disease

73
Q

Describe Parkinsons disease?

A

Pathology: Degenration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantial nivea

Signs: Akinesia, rigidity and resting tremor

74
Q

Describe Huntington’s disease?

A

Genetics: Autosomal dominant disorder

Pathology: progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Signs: Chorea and progressive dementia

Neuroanatomy (29 decks)

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