Pediatric Conditions

Question 1

What age is considered

Neonate

Answer 1

0-28 days

Question 2

What age is considered

Infant

Answer 2

1 month - 12 months

Question 3

What age is considered

Child

Answer 3

1-12 years

Question 4

What age is considered

adolescent

Answer 4

13-18 years

Question 5

When to seek urgent care for a child that is

<3 months

Answer 5

Temp of 100.4 (rectal)

Question 6

When to seek urgent care for a child that is

3-6 months

Answer 6

Temp of 101 (rectal)

Question 7

When to seek urgent care for a child that is

>6 months

Answer 7

Temp of 103 (rectal)

Question 8

What is APGAR scoring? When is it done and what does it include?

Answer 8

System to score a newborn’s general condition
Done 1 and 5 minutes after birth
Includes HR, respiratory effort, color, muscle tone, and reflex irritability
Score 0-10
Score of 7 and higher = healthy

Question 9

What typical medications are given to the baby at birth?

Answer 9

IM vitamin K
Ophthalmic erythromycin or silver nitrate
First dose of Hep B vaccine

Question 10

What does a low APGAR score usually indicate?

Answer 10

Immature lung and heart development

Question 11

What is patent ductus arteriosus? How to treat if it doesn’t close?

Answer 11

Normal opening between aorta and pulmonary artery in an unborn fetus that normally closes when the baby is born
If it remains open given NSAIDS (IV indomethacin or ibuprofen) within 14 days or can do surgery

Question 12

What causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants?

Answer 12

Deficiency of surfactant production in lugs that are not fully developed

Question 13

Most babies born

Answer 13

35

Question 14

What medications can be used in patients <12 months old for

Mild pain and fever

Answer 14

Acetaminophen any age

Ibuprofen if > 6 months

Question 15

Do not recommend aspirin for patients

Answer 15

<16 years old

Reye’s syndrome can result in children recovering from a viral infection (especially the flu and chickenpox)

Question 16

Do not given ibuprofen to children < ____ months old due to risk of ____

Answer 16

<6 months

Nephrotoxicity

Question 17

What medications can be used in patients <12 months old for

intestinal gas

Answer 17

Simethicone drops

Question 18

What medications can be used in patients <12 months old for

nasal congestion

Answer 18

Use a car seat indoors to keep child sitting upright
Cool mist humidifier
No OTC cough and cold medications recommended for infants

Question 19

What medications can be used in patients <12 months old for

Constipation

Answer 19

PEG (MiraLax) for intermittent constipation (0.2-0.8 g/kg/d)
Prunes or pears as fruit or juice
Glycerin suppositories - quick relief

Question 20

What medications can be used in patients <12 months old for

Diarrhea

Answer 20

Oral rehydration solutions (Pedialyte and Enfamil Enfalyte)

Do NOT use antidiarrheals with aspirin d/t Reye’s syndrome (bismuth subsalicylate)

Question 21

APAP dosing in children - what concentration do all APAP formulations come in?

Answer 21

10-15 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours (max 75 mg/kg/d)

Concentration: 160mg/5mL

Question 22

Ibuprofen dosing in children

Answer 22

5-10 mg/kg/dose every 6-8 hours (max 40 mg/kg/d)

Question 23

What pathogens cause bacterial meningitis in children and what is empiric treatment?

Answer 23

Group B streptococcus (GBS), E. coli, Listeria, and Klebsiella
Neonate: Ampicillin PLUS (cefotaxime or gentamicin)
NEVER USE CEFTRIAXONE
Age >1 month: Vanc PLUS (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime)

Question 24

Treatment for respiratory synctial virus (RSV)

Answer 24

Supportive care (virus)
Inhaled ribavirin (Virazole) used rarely

Question 25

Respiratory synctial virus (RSV) prophylaxis - who should receive it

Answer 25

No vaccine available
Palivizumab (Synagis)
Give to premature infants born <29 minutes, premature infants born <32 weeks gestation with chronic lung disease who are <12 months old
Infants <12 months old with certain heart conditions

Question 26

S/sx of croup

Answer 26

inspiratory stridor (high pitched breathing sound), barking cough and hoarseness

Question 27

How to treat croup

Answer 27

Systemic steroids (dexamethasone)
Nebulized racemic epinephrine

Question 28

Nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting) treatment options

Answer 28

Behavioral methods
Alarm therapy
Desmopressin (oral tablet)

Question 29

Desmopressin indication and CI

Answer 29

Indication: Enuresis
CI: hyponatremia

Question 30

What medications are CI and not recommended in pediatrics

Answer 30

CI: Codeine and tramadol <12 years, promethazine <2 years, Ceftriaxone in neonates
Not recommended: quinolones, tetracyclines < 8 years, OTC teething medications with benzocaine < 2 years, OTC cough and cold <6 years

Question 31

What are vaccine-preventable childhood diseases

Answer 31

Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Polio, Pergussis, Rotavirus, Chickenpox

Question 32

Symptoms of Measles

Answer 32

White spots inside cheeks
Maculopapular rash
Transmission is airborne - VERY contagious

Question 33

Symptoms of Mumps

Answer 33

Swollen and tender salivary glands (bulging under ears/neck)

Question 34

Symptoms of Rubella

Answer 34

Fine, pink rash that begins on face and spreads over rest of body
Can cause birth defects if pregnant woman contracts it

Question 35

Symptoms of Polio

Answer 35

Fever, sore throat, nausea, HA, no symptoms, severe nerve damage