Compounding II: Equipment, Stability, and Excipients Flashcards by Grace Whitham

Which is more accurate when measuring liquids

Graduated cylinder or conical graduated cylinder?

Graduated

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When should you not use a graduated cylinder or conical?

When volume you are trying to measure is <20% of it’s capacity

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What are hypodermic syringes used for?

Injections under the skin (SQ or IM)

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Difference between volume drawn up by a volumetric pipette and a Mohr pipette

Volumetric: draws up a set volume only
Mohr: graduated and is used to measure different volumes

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How to calculate the minimum weight quantity

Acceptable error rate in decimal form

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What type of balance is used most commonly

top-loading electric balance (aka analytical balance or scale)

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When to use glass, wedgewood, and porcelain mortar and pestles

Glass: liquids
Wedgewood: grinding dry crystals and hard powders
Blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies

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When to not use a steel spatula

When making a mixture that contains metallic ions

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What do capsule shells commonly contain?

Gelatin - pork derived

Hypromellose - plant derived

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If an ingredient/medication does not have an expiration date, what expiration date should the pharmacist put on it?

3 years

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What is used to lower the surface tension between two ingredients to make them more miscible (mixable)?

Surfactants

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Are surfactants lipophilic or hydrophilic?

Both! (amphiphilic)

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Why are surfactants used?

Helps to keep the drug dispersed so a consistent dose is delivered

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What are different kinds of surfactants?

Wetting agents
Emulsifers
Suspending agents
Levigating agents
Foaming agents
Glycols and gels

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What do wetting agents do in compounds?

Reduce surface tension between a liquid and solid

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What do emulsifiers do in compounds?

Help 2 or more immiscible liquids stay dispersed throughout the compound

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What do suspending agents do in compounds?

Help keep solid particles from settling

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What do levigating agents do in compounds?

help when grinding particles to make smaller particle sizes

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What is the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance and what does each number indicate?

Determines the type of surfactant required to make an emulsion
<10: more lipid soluble and are used for water-in-oil emulsions
10 or higher: more water soluble and are used for oil-in-water emulsions

What reactions can cause drug degradation?

Oxidation-reduction
Hydrolysis
Photolysis

How can oxidation be prevented?

Light protection, temperature control, chelating agents, antioxidants, pH control

How can hydrolysis be prevented?

Protect from water

How can photolysis be prevented?

Protect from UV light

What do binders do and what are examples?

Help tablet stick together and provide stability and strength
Ex: Acacia, starch paste, sucrose syrup

What do diluents do and what are examples?

Dilute | Ex: petrolatum

What do fillers do and what are examples?

Bulk up | Ex: starches, lactulose, calcium salts, bentonite, cellulose

What do disintegrants do and what are examples?

Help product dissolve | Ex: alginic acid, polacrilin potassium, cellulose products, starches

What do lubricants do and what are examples?

Prevent ingredients from sticking to eachother | Ex: Magnesium stearate

What do preservatives do and what are examples?

Slow or prevent microorganism growth | Ex: Chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, sodium benzoate, EDTA, thimerosal

What do buffers do and what are examples?

Help maintain pH of compound | Ex: potassium phosphate, sodium acetate/citrate, HCl, Sodium hydroxide, Boric acid, KCl

What are common solvents?

Hydrophilic: Water, alcohol, glycols Hydrophobic: oils and fats

What is another word for emollient?

Moisturizer

How much water/oil is in ointments, creams, and lotions?

Ointments: 80-100% oil, 0-20% water Creams: 50/50 Lotions: mostly water

What do adsorbents do and what are examples?

Keep powders dry to prevent hydrolysis reactions | Ex: Mg oxide, Mg carbonate, kaolin

What do anti-foaming agents do and what are examples?

Prevents formation of foam | Ex: simethicone

What do coating agents do and what are examples?

Prevent degradation d/t oxygen, light, moisture, mask unpalatable taste Ex: Shellac, gelatin, gluten

What do enteric coating agents do and what are examples?

Ensure drug dissolves in intestine and not stomach | Ex: Cellulose acetate phthalate

What do gelling (thickening) agents do and what are examples?

Increase viscosity of a substance | Ex: gelatin, cellulose, bentonite

What do humectant agents do and what are examples?

Prevent preparations from becoming dry and brittle | Ex: Glycerin or glycerol, propylene glycol, PEG

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? What is an alternative excipient? Alcohol

Avoid in: Children | Alternative: different solvent

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? What is an alternative excipient? Gelatin

Avoid in: Vegetarians and vegans, anyone who wishes to avoid pork Alternative: Hypromellose capsule shells

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? What is an alternative excipient? Gluten

Avoid in: Celiac disease | Alternative: Starch from non-gluten sources

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? Lactose

Lactose intolerance or lactose allergy

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? Phenylalnine

Pts with PKU

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? Sorbitol

IBS

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? Sucrose

Diabetes