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NAPLEX Review > Compounding II: Equipment, Stability, and Excipients > Flashcards

Compounding II: Equipment, Stability, and Excipients Flashcards

1
Q

Which is more accurate when measuring liquids

Graduated cylinder or conical graduated cylinder?

A

Graduated

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2
Q

When should you not use a graduated cylinder or conical?

A

When volume you are trying to measure is <20% of it’s capacity

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3
Q

What are hypodermic syringes used for?

A

Injections under the skin (SQ or IM)

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4
Q

Difference between volume drawn up by a volumetric pipette and a Mohr pipette

A

Volumetric: draws up a set volume only
Mohr: graduated and is used to measure different volumes

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5
Q

How to calculate the minimum weight quantity

A

Acceptable error rate in decimal form

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6
Q

What type of balance is used most commonly

A

top-loading electric balance (aka analytical balance or scale)

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7
Q

When to use glass, wedgewood, and porcelain mortar and pestles

A

Glass: liquids
Wedgewood: grinding dry crystals and hard powders
Blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies

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8
Q

When to not use a steel spatula

A

When making a mixture that contains metallic ions

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9
Q

What do capsule shells commonly contain?

A

Gelatin - pork derived

Hypromellose - plant derived

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10
Q

If an ingredient/medication does not have an expiration date, what expiration date should the pharmacist put on it?

A

3 years

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11
Q

What is used to lower the surface tension between two ingredients to make them more miscible (mixable)?

A

Surfactants

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12
Q

Are surfactants lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

Both! (amphiphilic)

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13
Q

Why are surfactants used?

A

Helps to keep the drug dispersed so a consistent dose is delivered

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14
Q

What are different kinds of surfactants?

A 
Wetting agents
Emulsifers
Suspending agents
Levigating agents
Foaming agents
Glycols and gels
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15
Q

What do wetting agents do in compounds?

A

Reduce surface tension between a liquid and solid

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16
Q

What do emulsifiers do in compounds?

A

Help 2 or more immiscible liquids stay dispersed throughout the compound

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17
Q

What do suspending agents do in compounds?

A

Help keep solid particles from settling

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18
Q

What do levigating agents do in compounds?

A

help when grinding particles to make smaller particle sizes

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19
Q

What is the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance and what does each number indicate?

A

Determines the type of surfactant required to make an emulsion
<10: more lipid soluble and are used for water-in-oil emulsions
10 or higher: more water soluble and are used for oil-in-water emulsions

20
Q

What reactions can cause drug degradation?

A

Oxidation-reduction
Hydrolysis
Photolysis

21
Q

How can oxidation be prevented?

A

Light protection, temperature control, chelating agents, antioxidants, pH control

22
Q

How can hydrolysis be prevented?

A

Protect from water

23
Q

How can photolysis be prevented?

A

Protect from UV light

24
Q

What do binders do and what are examples?

A

Help tablet stick together and provide stability and strength
Ex: Acacia, starch paste, sucrose syrup

25
Q

What do diluents do and what are examples?

A

Dilute

Ex: petrolatum

26
Q

What do fillers do and what are examples?

A

Bulk up

Ex: starches, lactulose, calcium salts, bentonite, cellulose

27
Q

What do disintegrants do and what are examples?

A

Help product dissolve

Ex: alginic acid, polacrilin potassium, cellulose products, starches

28
Q

What do lubricants do and what are examples?

A

Prevent ingredients from sticking to eachother

Ex: Magnesium stearate

29
Q

What do preservatives do and what are examples?

A

Slow or prevent microorganism growth

Ex: Chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, sodium benzoate, EDTA, thimerosal

30
Q

What do buffers do and what are examples?

A

Help maintain pH of compound

Ex: potassium phosphate, sodium acetate/citrate, HCl, Sodium hydroxide, Boric acid, KCl

31
Q

What are common solvents?

A

Hydrophilic: Water, alcohol, glycols
Hydrophobic: oils and fats

32
Q

What is another word for emollient?

A

Moisturizer

33
Q

How much water/oil is in ointments, creams, and lotions?

A

Ointments: 80-100% oil, 0-20% water
Creams: 50/50
Lotions: mostly water

34
Q

What do adsorbents do and what are examples?

A

Keep powders dry to prevent hydrolysis reactions

Ex: Mg oxide, Mg carbonate, kaolin

35
Q

What do anti-foaming agents do and what are examples?

A

Prevents formation of foam

Ex: simethicone

36
Q

What do coating agents do and what are examples?

A

Prevent degradation d/t oxygen, light, moisture, mask unpalatable taste
Ex: Shellac, gelatin, gluten

37
Q

What do enteric coating agents do and what are examples?

A

Ensure drug dissolves in intestine and not stomach

Ex: Cellulose acetate phthalate

38
Q

What do gelling (thickening) agents do and what are examples?

A

Increase viscosity of a substance

Ex: gelatin, cellulose, bentonite

39
Q

What do humectant agents do and what are examples?

A

Prevent preparations from becoming dry and brittle

Ex: Glycerin or glycerol, propylene glycol, PEG

40
Q

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? What is an alternative excipient?
Alcohol

A

Avoid in: Children

Alternative: different solvent

41
Q

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? What is an alternative excipient?
Gelatin

A

Avoid in: Vegetarians and vegans, anyone who wishes to avoid pork
Alternative: Hypromellose capsule shells

42
Q

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in? What is an alternative excipient?
Gluten

A

Avoid in: Celiac disease

Alternative: Starch from non-gluten sources

43
Q

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in?
Lactose

A

Lactose intolerance or lactose allergy

44
Q

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in?
Phenylalnine

A

Pts with PKU

45
Q

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in?
Sorbitol

A

IBS

46
Q

What pt population does the following excipient need to be avoided in?
Sucrose

A

Diabetes

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