Basic Science Concepts

Question 1

What does an inducer do

Answer 1

speeds up the activity of an emzyme

Question 2

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For muscarinic receptor

Answer 2

Acetylcholine
Agonist: Increase SLUDD
Antagonist: decrease SLUDD

Question 3

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For nicotinic receptor

Answer 3

Acetylcholine
Agonist: Increase HR, BP
Antagonist: neuromuscular blockade

Question 4

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For alpha 1 receptor

Answer 4

Epinephrine/norepi
Agonist: smooth muscle vasoconstriction, increased BP
Antagonist: Smooth muscle vasodilation, decreased BP

Question 5

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For alpha 2 receptor

Answer 5

Epinephrine/norepi
Agonist: decreased release of epi and norepi, decreased BP
Antagonist: increased BP

Question 6

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For beta 1 receptor

Answer 6

Epinephrine/noreip
Agonist: increased myocardial contractility, CO, HR
Antagonist: Decrease CO, HR

Question 7

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For beta 2 receptor

Answer 7

Epinephrine
Agonist: bronchodilation
Antagonist: bronchoconstriction

Question 8

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For dopamine receptor

Answer 8

Dopamine
Agonist: many, including renal, cardiac and CNS effects
Antagonist: Many, including renal, cardiac and CNS effects

Question 9

Endogenous substrate
Agonist action
Antagonist action
For serotonin receptor

Answer 9

Serotonin
Agonist: many, including platelet, GI and psychiatric effects
Antagonist: Many, including platelet, GI and psychiatric effects

Question 10

Endogenous effects, drugs used to inhibit it, drug action

Acetylcholinesterase

Answer 10

Endogenous effects: Breaks down acetylcholine
Drug examples: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
Drug actions: blocks acetylcholinesterase, resulting in increased ACh levels, used for Alzheimers

Question 11

Endogenous effects, drugs used to inhibit it, drug action

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Answer 11

Endogenous effects: Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Drug examples: ACEi (lisinopril, etc)
Drug actions: inhibit production of angiotensin II, causing decreased vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion

Question 12

Endogenous effects, drugs used to inhibit it, drug action

Catechol-O-ethyltrenasferase (COMT)

Answer 12

Endogenous effects: Breaks down levodopa
Drug examples: Entacapone
Drug actions: Blocks COMT enzyme to prevent peripheral breakdown of levodopa, increasing duration of action of levodopa

Question 13

Endogenous effects, drugs used to inhibit it, drug action

Cyclooxygenase (COX)

Answer 13

Endogenous effects: Converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxane A2
Drug examples: NSAIDs
Drug actions: Blocks COX enzyme to decrease prostaglandins (inflammation) and thromboxane A2 (plt aggregation)

Question 14

Endogenous effects, drugs used to inhibit it, drug action
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 14

Endogenous effects: Breaks down catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi, 5-HT)
Drug examples: MAOi
Drug actions: Increase catecholamine levels

Question 15

Endogenous effects, drugs used to inhibit it, drug action

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

Answer 15

Endogenous effects: Converts vitamin K to active form required for clotting factors
Drug examples: Warfarin
Drug actions: decreases production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

Question 16

Endogenous effects, drugs used to inhibit it, drug action

Xanthine oxidase

Answer 16

Endogenous effects: Breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid
Drug examples: Allopurinol
Drug actions: Decreases uric acid production

Question 17

What does the somatic nervous system do and how does it work?

Answer 17

Voluntary

controls muscle movement by signaling through acetylcholine which acts on nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscles

Question 18

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 18

Involuntary

Controls bodily functions such as digestion, cardiac output, and BP

Question 19

2 parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 19

Somatic

Autonomic

Question 20

2 parts of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 20

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Question 21

What does SLUDD stand for and which part of the nervous system does it apply to?

Answer 21

Autonomic nervous system (increases in parasympathetic and decreases in sympathetic)
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Diarrhea
Digestion

Question 22

What neurotransmitter(s) acts on what receptor(s) in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

Answer 22

Acetylcholine act on muscarinic receptors

Question 23

What neurotransmitter(s) acts on what receptor(s) in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 23

Norepi and Epi act on alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2

Question 24

What 3 types of chemical reactions cause most drugs to become unstable and degrade?

Answer 24

Oxidation-Reduction
Photolysis
Hydrolysis

Question 25

Does a compound lose/gain electrons in oxidation/reduction

Answer 25

Oxidation - loses electrons

Reduction - gains electrons

Question 26

What can indicated a drug has become oxidized?

Answer 26

Color change - epi becomes amber-colored

Question 27

Which structures are likely to become oxidized?

Answer 27

Ones with a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly bonded to an aromatic ring

Question 28

Which structures are likely to become degraded by light (photolysis)

Answer 28

ascorbic acid
Folic acid
Nitroprusside
Phytonadione

Question 29

What is a desiccant?

Answer 29

something put in a pill bottle to soak up moisture and prevent hydrolysis of medications

Question 30

Which structures are likely to become hydrolyzed

Answer 30

Esters - carbonyl (C=O) bonded to an OR group
Amides - carbonyl (C=O) bonded to a nitrogen
Lactams - cyclic amide (NH)