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NAPLEX Review > Common Conditions of the Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Common Conditions of the Eyes and Ears Flashcards

1
Q

Why can’t you use ear drops in the eyes?

A

They may not have the right pH, may not be isotonic, and may not be sterile

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2
Q

What does this abbreviation mean

AD

A

Right ear

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3
Q

What does this abbreviation mean

AS

A

Left ear

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4
Q

What does this abbreviation mean

AU

A

Each ear

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5
Q

What does this abbreviation mean

OD

A

Right eye

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6
Q

What does this abbreviation mean

OS

A

Left eye

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7
Q

What does this abbreviation mean

OU

A

Each eye

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8
Q

How many mL are in 1 drop?

A

0.05 mL

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9
Q

How many drops are in 1 mL?

A

20 drops

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10
Q

Normal range for intraocular pressure

A

12-22 mmHg

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11
Q

What can increase introcular pressure?

A

Anticholinergics
Cough, cold, and motion sickness medications
Chronic steroids, especially eye drops such as prednisolone
Topiramate

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of glaucoma?

A

Open angle and closed-angle

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13
Q

What methods are used to treat open angle glaucoma?

A

Eye drops or surgery

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14
Q

What methods are used to treat closed angle glaucoma?

A

Emergency surgery

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of closed angle glaucoma?

A

Sudden increase in IOP due to a blockage

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16
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of medication treatment for open angle glaucoma?

A

Reduce aqueous humor production
Increase aqueous humor outflow
Both of the above

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17
Q

How much does each class of medication decrease IOP in glaucoma?

A

Prostaglandins: 30%

Beta blockers: 22%

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18
Q

What medications that are used for glaucoma are prostaglandin analogs

A

Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Latanoprost
Tavoprost

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19
Q

What is the difference between Bimatoprost (Lumigan) and Bimatoprost (Latisse)?

A

Lumigan is used for glaucoma

Latisse is used for inadequate growth of eyelashes

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20
Q

Prostaglandin analog warnings and SE

A

Warnings: darkening of the iris, eyelid skin and eyelashes; eyelash length and number can increase
SE: Blurred vision, stinging, increased pigmentation of the iris/eyelashes, eyelash growth

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21
Q

How to tell if a medication is a prostaglandin analog?

A

Has -prost in the name

22
Q

Latanoprost storage

A

Fridge until opening then room temp

23
Q

Which eye drops increases aqueous humor outflow to treat glaucoma?

A

Prostaglandin analogs
Cholinergics
Adrenergic alpha-2 agonist
Rho Kinase Inhibitors

24
Q

Which eye drops decrease aqueous humor production to treat glaucoma?

A

Beta-blockers
Carbonic anhydrase
adrenergic alpha-2 agonists

25
Q

What medications are beta blockers and used for glaucoma?

A 
Timolol
Betaxolol
Carteolol
Levobunolol
Metipranolol
26
Q

What medications are cholinergics (mitotics) and used to treat glaucoma?

A

Carbachol

Pilocarpine

27
Q

What medications are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and used to treat glaucoma?

A

Dorzolamide
Brinzolamide
Acetazolamide and Methazolamide (oral)

28
Q

What medications are adrenergic alpha-2 agonists and used to treat glaucoma

A

Brimonidine
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine

29
Q

What medications are rho kinase inhibitors and used to treat glaucoma?

A

Netarsudil

30
Q

Beta-blocker eye drop CI and SE

A

CI: sinus bradycardia, heart block, cardiogenic shock, uncompensated cardiac failure, bronchospastic disease
SE: burning, stinging, bradycardia/fatigue, bronchospasms, light sensitivity

31
Q

Cholinergics (mitotics) eye drop SE

A

Poor vision at night (pupil constriction), corneal clouding, burning, hypotension, bronchospasm, abdominal cramps

32
Q

What is BAK?

A

Benzalkonium chloride

A preservative in some eye drops that can cause a reaction

33
Q

Carbonic anhydrase warnings and SE

A

Warnings: sulfonamide allergy
SE: burning, blurred vision, blepharitis, dry eye

34
Q

Adrenergic alpha-2 agonists warnings and SE

A

Warnings: CNS depression
SE: sedation, dry mouth, dry nose

35
Q

Rho kinase inhibitor SE

A

Burning/eye pain, corneal disease, conjuctival hemorrhage and conjuctival hyperemia

36
Q

Causes and treatment for

viral conjunctivitis

A

Causes: adenovirus
Treatment: none

37
Q

Causes and treatment for

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Causes: staph aureus, strep pneumo, H. influ, M cattarrhalis
Treatment: Moxifloxacin, neomycin/polymyxin/dexamethasone, ofloxacin, trimethoprim/polymyxin

38
Q

Causes and treatment for

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

Causes: allergens
Treatment:
Mast cell stabilizers (alcaftadine, cromolyn, lodoxamine, nedocromil)
Antihistamines (azelastine, olopatadine)

39
Q

How to treat eye inflammation

A

Severe: steroid eye drop (prednisolone, dexamethasone)
Mild: NSAID drops (ketorolac, nepafenac, bromfenac)

40
Q

How to treat eye dryness

A

Refresh or Systane (OTC)

41
Q

How to treat chronic dry eye syndrome

A

Cyclosporine emulsion eye drops (restasis)

Lifitegrast (Xiidra)

42
Q

How to treat eye redness

A

Naphazoline (Clear eyes redness relief)
Naphazoline/pheniramine (Naphcon A, Visine A)
Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)

43
Q

What medications can cause retinal changes and retinopathy?

A

Chloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine

44
Q

What medications can cause optic neuropathy?

A

Amiodarone (plus corneal deposits)
Ethambutol
Linezolid

45
Q

What medications can cause floppy iris syndrome resulting in difficulty in cataract surgery

A

Alpha-blockers (digoxin)

46
Q

What medications can cause color discrimination?

A

Digoxin - with toxicity
PDE-5 inhibitors - greenish tinge around objects
Voriconazole - color vision changes

47
Q

What medications can cause vision loss/abnormal vision?

A

Digoxin (with toxicity) - blurriness, halos
PDE-5 inhibitors - vision loss in one or both eyes (can be permanent)
Isotretinoin - decreased night vision, dry eyes irritation
Vigabatrin - permanent vision loss (high risk)
Voriconazole - abnormal vision, photophobia

48
Q

What antibiotic ear drops are used for ear infections?

A

Ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone (ciprodex)
Ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone (Cipro HC)
Neomycin, colistin, hydrocortisone, and thonzonium

49
Q

What medications are used for ear wax removal?

A

Carbamide peroxide and triethanolamine

Can be used every 4-8 weeks as preventative measure

50
Q

How long should a patient wait between two eye drops of the same medication?

A

5 minutes

51
Q

Which should you apply first, eye drops or eye gel?

A

Eye drops

52
Q

How long before/after eye drops do you have to wait to remove/reinsert contact lenses?

A

right before

wait 15 minutes after

NAPLEX Review (79 decks)

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