Pearson chapter 23 Flashcards
Addison’s disease
A condition that results from a failure of the adrenal cortices to produce adequate amounts of adrenal cortical hormones, which affects carbohydrate and protein metabolism and electrolyte and water balance.
adrenal crisis
A complication of Addison’s disease in which the body cannot maintain homeostasis because of a lack of adrenal cortical hormones
antihyperglycemic agents
Medications taken by type 2 diabetics to lower blood glucose levels by a variety of mechanisms
Cushing’s syndrome
A disorder caused by oversecretion of adrenal cortical hormones or by long-term corticosteroid therapy.
diabetes mellitus
A disorder of glucose metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A hyperglycemic diabetic emergency in which the patient suffers from dehydration, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance.
glucagon
A hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. One of its primary actions is to stimulate breakdown of glycogen into glucose
gluconeogenesis
The synthesis (creation) of glucose from amino and fatty acids.
glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen stores into glucose.
goiter
An enlargement of the thyroid gland, which may be associated with boy hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions.
Grave’s disease
A from of hyperthyroidism.
hyperglycemia
A high level of glucose in the blood, greater than 140 mg/dL
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
A complication of type 2 diabetes that usually occurs in response to an underlying stressor, such as myocardial infarction, infection, or surgery; it is characterized by an extremely high blood sugar level, which leads to severe dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities.
hyperthyroidism
The oversecretion of thyroid hormones, leading to signs and symptoms associated with increased metabolic rate.
hypoglycemia
A condition of low blood glucose, less than 70 mg/dL
hypothyroidism
A condition in which an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones are secreted, resulting in signs and symptoms that reflect slowed metabolism.
insulin
A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. Insulin is necessary for adequate amounts of glucose to enter cells.
ketones
Acidic substances that accumulate in the blood when fats are used for energy in large quantities
Kussmaul respirations
Regular, deep, rapid respirations that reflect the body’s attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
myxedema
A severe, life-threatening form of decreased metabolism resulting rom hypothyroidism.
myxedema coma
An extreme complication of hypothyroidism in which patients exhibit multiple organ abnormalities and progressive mental deterioration.
sulfonylurea
A class of oral antihyperglycemic agents that act by stimulating the pancreas to increase insulin production.
thyrotoxicosis
An extreme, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism that includes tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered mental status. Also called thyroid storm.
tropic hormones
Chemical messengers (hormones) secreted by one endocrine gland that stimulate another endocrine gland.
type 1 diabetes
A form of diabetes with onset at a younger age that requires insulin replacement therapy because of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
type 2 diabetes
A form of diabetes with typical onset in middle-age, obese individuals; usually controlled by diet, exercise, weight loss, and oral medications. Insulin may be required in severe cases.
vasopressin
A hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that causes vasoconstriction and decreases urine output to increased blood pressure. Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
