Pearson chapter 23

Question 1

Addison’s disease

Answer 1

A condition that results from a failure of the adrenal cortices to produce adequate amounts of adrenal cortical hormones, which affects carbohydrate and protein metabolism and electrolyte and water balance.

Question 2

adrenal crisis

Answer 2

A complication of Addison’s disease in which the body cannot maintain homeostasis because of a lack of adrenal cortical hormones

Question 3

antihyperglycemic agents

Answer 3

Medications taken by type 2 diabetics to lower blood glucose levels by a variety of mechanisms

Question 4

Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 4

A disorder caused by oversecretion of adrenal cortical hormones or by long-term corticosteroid therapy.

Question 5

diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

A disorder of glucose metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin

Question 6

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 6

A hyperglycemic diabetic emergency in which the patient suffers from dehydration, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance.

Question 7

glucagon

Answer 7

A hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. One of its primary actions is to stimulate breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 8

gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

The synthesis (creation) of glucose from amino and fatty acids.

Question 9

glycogenolysis

Answer 9

The breakdown of glycogen stores into glucose.

Question 10

goiter

Answer 10

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, which may be associated with boy hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions.

Question 11

Grave’s disease

Answer 11

A from of hyperthyroidism.

Question 12

hyperglycemia

Answer 12

A high level of glucose in the blood, greater than 140 mg/dL

Question 13

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

Answer 13

A complication of type 2 diabetes that usually occurs in response to an underlying stressor, such as myocardial infarction, infection, or surgery; it is characterized by an extremely high blood sugar level, which leads to severe dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities.

Question 14

hyperthyroidism

Answer 14

The oversecretion of thyroid hormones, leading to signs and symptoms associated with increased metabolic rate.

Question 15

hypoglycemia

Answer 15

A condition of low blood glucose, less than 70 mg/dL

Question 16

hypothyroidism

Answer 16

A condition in which an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones are secreted, resulting in signs and symptoms that reflect slowed metabolism.

Question 17

insulin

Answer 17

A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. Insulin is necessary for adequate amounts of glucose to enter cells.

Question 18

ketones

Answer 18

Acidic substances that accumulate in the blood when fats are used for energy in large quantities

Question 19

Kussmaul respirations

Answer 19

Regular, deep, rapid respirations that reflect the body’s attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Question 20

myxedema

Answer 20

A severe, life-threatening form of decreased metabolism resulting rom hypothyroidism.

Question 21

myxedema coma

Answer 21

An extreme complication of hypothyroidism in which patients exhibit multiple organ abnormalities and progressive mental deterioration.

Question 22

sulfonylurea

Answer 22

A class of oral antihyperglycemic agents that act by stimulating the pancreas to increase insulin production.

Question 23

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 23

An extreme, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism that includes tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered mental status. Also called thyroid storm.

Question 24

tropic hormones

Answer 24

Chemical messengers (hormones) secreted by one endocrine gland that stimulate another endocrine gland.

Question 25

type 1 diabetes

Answer 25

A form of diabetes with onset at a younger age that requires insulin replacement therapy because of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

Question 26

type 2 diabetes

Answer 26

A form of diabetes with typical onset in middle-age, obese individuals; usually controlled by diet, exercise, weight loss, and oral medications. Insulin may be required in severe cases.

Question 27

vasopressin

Answer 27

A hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that causes vasoconstriction and decreases urine output to increased blood pressure. Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH).