MOD 3 Flashcards
apoptosis
cell death caused by the genetic programming of the cell to eliminate damaged cells
asphyxiation
cellular deprivation of oxygen; suffocation.
atelectasis
an airless state in which the alveoli are collapsed.
cardiomyopathy
Enlargement of the heart.
compensated shock
a state of inadequate cellular perfusion in which the body can make adjustments to maintain perfusion to the vital organs, but at the cost of decreased circulation and oxygenation of the peripheral tissues.
decompensated shock
a state of inadequate cellular perfusion in which the body can no longer provide circulation of an adequate amount of oxygenated blood to the vital organs.
hyperpyrexia
an extremely high fever, above 41.1 degrees Celsius or 106 degrees Fahrenheit.
ischemia
severely diminished or absent blood flow to tissues.
ischemic phase
the phase of shock in which both the precapillary and postcapillary sphincters constrict to divert blood flow away from the peripheral tissues and gastrointestinal system.
lactic acid
a chemical formed from pyruvate in anaerobic metabolism; the cause of acidosis in shock.
metabolic acidosis
a decreased blood pH and decrease in bicarbonate level in the blood.
pyruvate
the initial substance formed in the anaerobic phase of cellular metabolism that, in the presence of oxygen, is then converted to acetyl coenzyme A for use in the Krebs cycle for further ATP production. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.
stagnant phase
the phase of shock in which the precapillary sphincter fails, allowing blood to enter the microvasculature. The postcapillary sphincter remains closed, causing blood to pool in the capillary beds, where it collects lactic acid and where microscopic blood clots are formed.
ventilation–perfusion (VQ) mismatch
a condition in which either pulmonary circulation or alveolar ventilation is impaired.
washout phase
the phase of shock in which both the precapillary and postcapillary sphincters have failed and the blood that had stagnated in the capillary beds, along with lactic acid and microscopic blood clots, reenters the circulation.
pyrexia
fever.
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure resulting from increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
a complication of shock and other critical illnesses that results in damage to the lungs, which in turn allows leakage of fluid into the lung parenchyma, interferes with ventilation and oxygenation, and results in a high mortality rate. Also called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
a spectrum of coronary artery obstruction resulting from atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries leading to episodes of acute ischemia (stable and unstable angina) and acute myocardial infarction.
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
a condition in which the immune system reacts inappropriately to an illness or injury, causing alteration in body temperature, heart rate >90, increased respiratory rate or decreased PaCO2, and alterations in the white blood cell count.
Adult CPR > 8
30:2 100-120 cpm at least 2”
Child CPR < 8-1 y/o
30:2-15:2 100-120 2” or at least 1/3
Infant < 1 y/o
30:2-15:2 100-120 1.5” or at least 1/3
afterload
the amount of resistance provided by the systemic vasculature, which the heart must overcome to effectively pump blood from the left ventricle
anginal equivalents
signs and symptoms other than typical chest pain, such as shortness of breath, produced by myocardial ischemia
angina pectoris
chest pain that results from ischemia of the heart muscle, usually from coronary artery disease.
atherosclerosis
a condition in which fatty plaque builds up in arteries, eventually narrowing the lumen and restricting blood flow.
cardiac tamponade
a condition in which fluid or blood collects within the pericardium, compressing the heart and reducing cardiac output. Also called pericardial tamponade.
coronary artery disease
atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries.
ectopic pacemakers
cells in the heart that have become irritable and create their own impulses rather than being depolarized by the action potential initiated by the sinoatrial node.
ejection fraction
the proportion of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole, expressed as a percentage.
hypertensive encephalopathy
neurologic signs and symptoms resulting from acutely high blood pressure.
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
sudden waking at night with difficulty breathing, which is typically relieved by assuming an upright position; a classic sign of left-sided heart failure.
preload
the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole.
