MOD 3

Question 1

apoptosis

Answer 1

cell death caused by the genetic programming of the cell to eliminate damaged cells

Question 2

asphyxiation

Answer 2

cellular deprivation of oxygen; suffocation.

Question 3

atelectasis

Answer 3

an airless state in which the alveoli are collapsed.

Question 4

cardiomyopathy

Answer 4

Enlargement of the heart.

Question 5

compensated shock

Answer 5

a state of inadequate cellular perfusion in which the body can make adjustments to maintain perfusion to the vital organs, but at the cost of decreased circulation and oxygenation of the peripheral tissues.

Question 6

decompensated shock

Answer 6

a state of inadequate cellular perfusion in which the body can no longer provide circulation of an adequate amount of oxygenated blood to the vital organs.

Question 7

hyperpyrexia

Answer 7

an extremely high fever, above 41.1 degrees Celsius or 106 degrees Fahrenheit.

Question 8

ischemia

Answer 8

severely diminished or absent blood flow to tissues.

Question 9

ischemic phase

Answer 9

the phase of shock in which both the precapillary and postcapillary sphincters constrict to divert blood flow away from the peripheral tissues and gastrointestinal system.

Question 10

lactic acid

Answer 10

a chemical formed from pyruvate in anaerobic metabolism; the cause of acidosis in shock.

Question 11

metabolic acidosis

Answer 11

a decreased blood pH and decrease in bicarbonate level in the blood.

Question 12

pyruvate

Answer 12

the initial substance formed in the anaerobic phase of cellular metabolism that, in the presence of oxygen, is then converted to acetyl coenzyme A for use in the Krebs cycle for further ATP production. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.

Question 13

stagnant phase

Answer 13

the phase of shock in which the precapillary sphincter fails, allowing blood to enter the microvasculature. The postcapillary sphincter remains closed, causing blood to pool in the capillary beds, where it collects lactic acid and where microscopic blood clots are formed.

Question 14

ventilation–perfusion (VQ) mismatch

Answer 14

a condition in which either pulmonary circulation or alveolar ventilation is impaired.

Question 15

washout phase

Answer 15

the phase of shock in which both the precapillary and postcapillary sphincters have failed and the blood that had stagnated in the capillary beds, along with lactic acid and microscopic blood clots, reenters the circulation.

Question 16

pyrexia

Answer 16

fever.

Question 17

cor pulmonale 

Answer 17

right-sided heart failure resulting from increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation

Question 18

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 18

a complication of shock and other critical illnesses that results in damage to the lungs, which in turn allows leakage of fluid into the lung parenchyma, interferes with ventilation and oxygenation, and results in a high mortality rate. Also called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Question 19

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Answer 19

a spectrum of coronary artery obstruction resulting from atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries leading to episodes of acute ischemia (stable and unstable angina) and acute myocardial infarction.

Question 20

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 20

a condition in which the immune system reacts inappropriately to an illness or injury, causing alteration in body temperature, heart rate >90, increased respiratory rate or decreased PaCO2, and alterations in the white blood cell count.

Question 21

Adult CPR > 8

Answer 21

30:2 100-120 cpm at least 2”

Question 22

Child CPR < 8-1 y/o

Answer 22

30:2-15:2 100-120 2” or at least 1/3

Question 23

Infant < 1 y/o

Answer 23

30:2-15:2 100-120 1.5” or at least 1/3

Question 24

afterload

Answer 24

the amount of resistance provided by the systemic vasculature, which the heart must overcome to effectively pump blood from the left ventricle

Question 25

anginal equivalents

Answer 25

signs and symptoms other than typical chest pain, such as shortness of breath, produced by myocardial ischemia

Question 26

angina pectoris

Answer 26

chest pain that results from ischemia of the heart muscle, usually from coronary artery disease.

Question 27

atherosclerosis

Answer 27

a condition in which fatty plaque builds up in arteries, eventually narrowing the lumen and restricting blood flow.

Question 28

cardiac tamponade

Answer 28

a condition in which fluid or blood collects within the pericardium, compressing the heart and reducing cardiac output. Also called pericardial tamponade.

Question 29

coronary artery disease

Answer 29

atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries.

Question 30

ectopic pacemakers

Answer 30

cells in the heart that have become irritable and create their own impulses rather than being depolarized by the action potential initiated by the sinoatrial node.

Question 31

ejection fraction

Answer 31

the proportion of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole, expressed as a percentage.

Question 32

hypertensive encephalopathy

Answer 32

neurologic signs and symptoms resulting from acutely high blood pressure.

Question 33

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Answer 33

sudden waking at night with difficulty breathing, which is typically relieved by assuming an upright position; a classic sign of left-sided heart failure.

Question 34

preload

Answer 34

the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole.