Pathology of urinary system Flashcards
1
Q
presence of multiple cysts
A
congenital polycystic kidney
2
Q
formed due to dilation and hyperplasia of collecting tubules resulting in spongiform kidneys
A
Type I
3
Q
cyst formed due to absence of collecting tubules and developmental failure of nephron
A
Type II
4
Q
polycystic kidney has thick walled cysts with dense connective tissue and may involve one or both kidneys
A
Type II
5
Q
cysts in kidneys occur due to multiple abnormalities during development
A
Type III
6
Q
cysts develop from tubules or Bowmen’s capsule with part of glomeruli in cyst.
A
Type III
6
Q
hematuria indicates damage to?
A
glomeruli, tubule, or hemorrhage glomeruli to urethra
6
Q
type of cyst bilateral and causes considerable enlargement of kidney due to clear fluid or blood mixed fluid containing cysts
A
Type III
7
Q
presence of albumin in urine indicates damage to?
A
glomeruli
7
Q
important cause of hematuria
A
bracken fern toxicity
7
Q
A bright red color of urine
A
hematuria
7
Q
most important cause of uremia
A
calculi urine
8
Q
glycosuria is not common in animals but may occur in dogs as a result of?
A
hypoglycemia
9
Q
urine becomes brownish red in color
A
hemoglobinuria
9
Q
causes of anuria
A
- glomerulonephritis
- Inelastic renal capsule
- hydronephrosis
- low blood pressure
- dehydration
- necrosis of tubular epithelium
9
Q
etiologies of hemoglubinuria
A
leptospira sp, babesia sp, phosphorus deficiency
9
Q
causes of polyuria
A
- diabetes insipedus
- hormonal imbalance
- polydipsia
10
Q
glycosuria in sheep may occur due to enterotoxemia caused by?
A
Clostridium welchii type D
11
Q
Presence of pus in urine due to suppurative inflammation in urinary tract
A
Pyuria
12
Q
ketonuria is the presence of ketone bodies in urine, common in:
A
- diabetes mellitus
- acetonemia
- pregnancy toxemia
- starvation
13
Q
etiologies of oligouria
A
- glomerulonephritis
- obstruction in urinary
passage - dehydration
- low blood pressure
- tubular damage
14
Q
degeneration and necrosis of tubular epithelium without producing inflammatory reaction
A
nephrosis
15
Q
inflammation of glomeruli primarily characterized by pale and enlarged kidneys with potential hemorrhage, edema of glomeruli, congestion and infiltration of inflammatory cells
A
glomerulonephritis or mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis
16
Q
environmental pollutant that can cause glomerulonephritis
A
organochlorine pesticides
17
Which type of MPGN is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes containing IgG, IgM, IgA, and C3 in the subendothelial region
Type I MPGN
18
What is a characteristic feature of Type-II MPGN (Membranous)?
a) Proliferation of mesangial cells
b) Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane
c) Swelling of epithelium forming "Epithelial crescent"
d) Replacement of glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue
Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane
19
Which type of MPGN demonstrates subepithelial deposits of immune complexes and disruption of the basement membrane?
a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis
Type-III MPGN
20
What is a feature of Chronic glomerulonephritis?
a) Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane
b) Proliferation of endothelial cells
c) Lumen occlusion of capillaries
d) Replacement of the entire glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue
Replacement of the entire glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue
21
Which condition is characterized by the formation of a "wire loop" lesion due to increased production of fibronectin, collagen, and proteoglycans?
a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis
Type-I MPGN
22
What type of MPGN demonstrates infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes?
a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis
Type-III MPGN
23
What is a distinguishing feature of Focal embolic glomerulonephritis?
a) Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane
b) Focal zone of necrosis in glomeruli
c) Proliferation of mesangial cells
d) Replacement of glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue
Focal zone of necrosis in glomeruli
24
Which type of MPGN shows proliferation of epithelial cells and formation of crescents?
a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis
Type-III MPGN
25
In Chronic glomerulonephritis, what leads to the replacement of the entire glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue?
a) Proliferation of mesangial cells
b) Reduplication, thickening, and disorganization of glomerular basement membrane
c) Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes
d) Lumen occlusion of capillaries
Reduplication, thickening, and disorganization of glomerular basement membrane
26
Which type of glomerulonephritis results in congestion and edema of glomeruli?
A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Focal embolic glomerulonephritis
Type III MPGN
27
What is the characteristic feature of Focal Embolic Glomerulonephritis regarding neutrophil infiltration?
A) Subendothelial neutrophil infiltration
B) Subepithelial neutrophil infiltration
C) Mesangial neutrophil infiltration
D) Neutrophil infiltration within the glomerular capillaries
Neutrophil infiltration within the glomerular capillaries
28
What is a characteristic pathological feature of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?
A) Swelling of mesangial cells
B) Occlusion of glomerular capillaries
C) Focal zone of necrosis in glomeruli
D) Demonstration of IgG in the basement membrane
Occlusion of glomerular capillaries
29
In Type III MPGN, what contributes to the formation of "Epithelial crescent"?
A) Swelling of endothelial cells
B) Disruption of the basement membrane
C) Proliferation of epithelium
D) Deposition of immune complexes in the subendothelial region
Proliferation of epithelium
30
Which type of MPGN demonstrates the presence of C3 component but no immunoglobulin?
A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Chronic glomerulonephritis
Type-II MPGN
31
What is the primary mechanism leading to the formation of "wire loop" lesions in Type-I MPGN?
A) Activation of complement pathway
B) Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
C) Production of transforming growth factor (TGFB)
D) Proliferation of mesangial cells
Production of transforming growth factor (TGFB)
32
Which type of glomerulonephritis involves proliferation and swelling of endothelial cells?
A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Focal embolic glomerulonephritis
Type-I MPGN
33
What is the characteristic deposition site of immune complexes in Type-I MPGN?
A) Subendothelial region
B) Subepithelial region
C) Basement membrane
D) Mesangial matrix
Subendothelial region
34
How does Chronic Glomerulonephritis differ from other types of MPGN?
A) It involves subepithelial deposits of immune complexes
B) It leads to the formation of "wire loop" lesions
C) It replaces the entire glomerulus with hyaline connective tissue
D) It is characterized by the presence of IgG in the subepithelial region
It replaces the entire glomerulus with hyaline connective tissue
35
Which type of MPGN demonstrates the presence of IgG in the subepithelial region?
A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Chronic glomerulonephritis
Type-II MPGN
36
What is the main cause of Type-I MPGN?
A) Uncontrolled activation of complement
B) Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
C) Proliferation of mesangial cells
D) Immune complex penetration of vascular endothelium
Immune complex penetration of vascular endothelium
37
What is a characteristic feature of Type-I Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)?'
A) Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
B) Proliferation of mesangial cells
C) Demonstration of IgG in the subepithelial region
D) Reduplication of the glomerular basement membrane
Proliferation of mesangial cells
38
etiologies of urethritis
calculi, catheter injury
39
characterized by congestion, obstruction, hydronephrosis and strictures
urethritis
40
inflammation of urinary bladder characterized by congestion and fibrinous, purulent or hemorrhagic exudates
cystitis
41
etiology of cystitis
* Urinary calculi
* Tuberculosis
* Blockage in urethra
* Bracken fern poisoning
42
inflammation of ureter characterized by
enlargement, thickening of wall
ureteritis
43
small, soft with shiny and greasy in
appearance, yellow in color which becomes darker on air exposure
cystine calculi
44
calculi that is brownish red, concentrically laminated, fragile and irregular in shape
xanthine calculi
45
white or grey in colour, chalky in
consistency, soft, friable and can be crushed with mild pressure
phosphate calculi
46
yellow to brown in colour, formed in acidic urine, spherical and irregular in shape and they are not radioopaque
uric acid calculi
47
hard, light yellow, covered with sharp spines
found in urinary bladder
oxalate calculi
48
formation of stony precipitates any where in the urinary passage including kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra
urolithiasis
49
hormone produced in kidneys to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBC
erythropoietin
50
constricts afferent arterioles, maintain renal blood pressure, and stimulate aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands
renin
51
active form of Vitamin D that absorb calcium in intestine
calcitriol [1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol]
52
intravascular elevation of nitrogenous wastes
azotemia
53
presence of excess accumulation in the blood of constituents normally eliminated in the urine
uremia
54
seen in Doberman and beagle dogs
renal aplasia/ renal agenesis
55
inherited in purebred and cross-bred large white pigs
renal hypoplasia
56
excretion of large quantities of cystine
in the urine
cystinuria
57
inherited in Norwegian elkhound
glucosuria
58
areas of coagulative necrosis that result from ischemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thrombosis and aseptic emboli
renal infarcts
59
wedge-shaped conforming to
distribution of obstructed vessel
renal infarcts
60
results from widespread thrombosis that occur in glomerular capillaries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles in DIC
renal cortical necrosis
61
hemorrhage of renal cortical are results or associated with these conditions
septicemia, vasculitis, vascular necrosis
62
Petechiae are common in the surface/cortex in these diseases
1. hog cholera
2. African swine fever
3. erysipelas
4. streptococcal infections
5. salmonella infections.
63
a result of ischemic or toxic insult to
renal tubular cells
nephrosis
64
acute tubular necrosis often termed
nephrosis
65
streaks of brown discoloration
lipofuscin
66
complex capillary tufts where
main function is to form a filtrate of plasma excreted in the lower urinary tract as urine
glomeruli
67
leakage of various low molecular weight (small molecule) proteins into glomerular filtrate/urine
proteinuria / protein losing nephropathy
68
glomerulosclerosis is seen in this condition
diabetes mellitus
69
nephritis results from fungal/mycobacterial
granulomatous nephritis
70
renal pelvis inflammation
pyelitis
71
inflammation of both renal pelvis
and renal parenchyma
pyelonephritis
72
etiologic agents of pyelonephritis
E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Staph., Strep.
73
dilatation of renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine output
hydronephrosis
74
a chronic/healing phase
renal fibrosis (scarring)
75
chronic interstitial nephritis, end-stage kidneys or nephrosclerosis
fibrotic kidneys
76
common renal neoplasm of
nephroblastomas
77
most common urinary bladder malfunction
patent urachus or pervious urachus
78
failure of the urachal remnant--umbilical
arteries and veins to involute
patent urachus or pervious urachus
79
found in urinary tract cystine or xanthine, struvite, carbamate, silica,
urate,
urinary calculi
80
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
81
inflammation of the ureter
ureteritis
82
inflammation of the urethra
urethritis
83
enzootic hematuria is a result of prolonged ingestion of what poison
bracken fern
84
cause of interstitial nephritis in horses
equine viral arteritis
85
lesion characterized by hypercellularity of the glomerulus due to increased numbers of mesangial cells
Proliferative glomerulonephritis
86
characterized by generalized hyaline thickening of glomerular capillary basement membrane that may occur in dogs with dirofilariasis
Membranous glomerulonephritis
87
hypocellularity, shrinkage, and hyalinization due to increase in fibrous connective tissue
glomerulosclerosis
