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ZZ3 Systemic Pathology > Pathology of urinary system > Flashcards

Pathology of urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

presence of multiple cysts

A

congenital polycystic kidney

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2
Q

formed due to dilation and hyperplasia of collecting tubules resulting in spongiform kidneys

A

Type I

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3
Q

cyst formed due to absence of collecting tubules and developmental failure of nephron

A

Type II

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4
Q

polycystic kidney has thick walled cysts with dense connective tissue and may involve one or both kidneys

A

Type II

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5
Q

cysts in kidneys occur due to multiple abnormalities during development

A

Type III

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6
Q

cysts develop from tubules or Bowmen’s capsule with part of glomeruli in cyst.

A

Type III

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6
Q

hematuria indicates damage to?

A

glomeruli, tubule, or hemorrhage glomeruli to urethra

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6
Q

type of cyst bilateral and causes considerable enlargement of kidney due to clear fluid or blood mixed fluid containing cysts

A

Type III

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7
Q

presence of albumin in urine indicates damage to?

A

glomeruli

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7
Q

important cause of hematuria

A

bracken fern toxicity

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7
Q

A bright red color of urine

A

hematuria

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7
Q

most important cause of uremia

A

calculi urine

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8
Q

glycosuria is not common in animals but may occur in dogs as a result of?

A

hypoglycemia

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9
Q

urine becomes brownish red in color

A

hemoglobinuria

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9
Q

causes of anuria

A
  1. glomerulonephritis
  2. Inelastic renal capsule
  3. hydronephrosis
  4. low blood pressure
  5. dehydration
  6. necrosis of tubular epithelium
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9
Q

etiologies of hemoglubinuria

A

leptospira sp, babesia sp, phosphorus deficiency

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9
Q

causes of polyuria

A
  1. diabetes insipedus
  2. hormonal imbalance
  3. polydipsia
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10
Q

glycosuria in sheep may occur due to enterotoxemia caused by?

A

Clostridium welchii type D

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11
Q

Presence of pus in urine due to suppurative inflammation in urinary tract

A

Pyuria

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12
Q

ketonuria is the presence of ketone bodies in urine, common in:

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. acetonemia
  3. pregnancy toxemia
  4. starvation
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13
Q

etiologies of oligouria

A
  1. glomerulonephritis
  2. obstruction in urinary
    passage
  3. dehydration
  4. low blood pressure
  5. tubular damage
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14
Q

degeneration and necrosis of tubular epithelium without producing inflammatory reaction

A

nephrosis

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15
Q

inflammation of glomeruli primarily characterized by pale and enlarged kidneys with potential hemorrhage, edema of glomeruli, congestion and infiltration of inflammatory cells

A

glomerulonephritis or mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis

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16
Q

environmental pollutant that can cause glomerulonephritis

A

organochlorine pesticides

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17
Q

Which type of MPGN is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes containing IgG, IgM, IgA, and C3 in the subendothelial region

A

Type I MPGN

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18
Q

What is a characteristic feature of Type-II MPGN (Membranous)?

a) Proliferation of mesangial cells
b) Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane
c) Swelling of epithelium forming “Epithelial crescent”
d) Replacement of glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue

A

Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane

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19
Q

Which type of MPGN demonstrates subepithelial deposits of immune complexes and disruption of the basement membrane?
a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis

A

Type-III MPGN

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20
Q

What is a feature of Chronic glomerulonephritis?
a) Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane
b) Proliferation of endothelial cells
c) Lumen occlusion of capillaries
d) Replacement of the entire glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue

A

Replacement of the entire glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue

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21
Q

Which condition is characterized by the formation of a “wire loop” lesion due to increased production of fibronectin, collagen, and proteoglycans?
a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis

A

Type-I MPGN

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22
Q

What type of MPGN demonstrates infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes?

a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis

A

Type-III MPGN

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23
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Focal embolic glomerulonephritis?

a) Deposition of immune complexes in the basement membrane
b) Focal zone of necrosis in glomeruli
c) Proliferation of mesangial cells
d) Replacement of glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue

A

Focal zone of necrosis in glomeruli

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24
Q

Which type of MPGN shows proliferation of epithelial cells and formation of crescents?

a) Type-I MPGN
b) Type-II MPGN
c) Type-III MPGN
d) Chronic glomerulonephritis

A

Type-III MPGN

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25
Q

In Chronic glomerulonephritis, what leads to the replacement of the entire glomerulus by hyaline connective tissue?

a) Proliferation of mesangial cells
b) Reduplication, thickening, and disorganization of glomerular basement membrane
c) Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes
d) Lumen occlusion of capillaries

A

Reduplication, thickening, and disorganization of glomerular basement membrane

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26
Q

Which type of glomerulonephritis results in congestion and edema of glomeruli?

A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Focal embolic glomerulonephritis

A

Type III MPGN

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27
Q

What is the characteristic feature of Focal Embolic Glomerulonephritis regarding neutrophil infiltration?

A) Subendothelial neutrophil infiltration
B) Subepithelial neutrophil infiltration
C) Mesangial neutrophil infiltration
D) Neutrophil infiltration within the glomerular capillaries

A

Neutrophil infiltration within the glomerular capillaries

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28
Q

What is a characteristic pathological feature of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

A) Swelling of mesangial cells
B) Occlusion of glomerular capillaries
C) Focal zone of necrosis in glomeruli
D) Demonstration of IgG in the basement membrane

A

Occlusion of glomerular capillaries

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29
Q

In Type III MPGN, what contributes to the formation of “Epithelial crescent”?

A) Swelling of endothelial cells
B) Disruption of the basement membrane
C) Proliferation of epithelium
D) Deposition of immune complexes in the subendothelial region

A

Proliferation of epithelium

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30
Q

Which type of MPGN demonstrates the presence of C3 component but no immunoglobulin?

A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Chronic glomerulonephritis

A

Type-II MPGN

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31
Q

What is the primary mechanism leading to the formation of “wire loop” lesions in Type-I MPGN?

A) Activation of complement pathway
B) Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
C) Production of transforming growth factor (TGFB)
D) Proliferation of mesangial cells

A

Production of transforming growth factor (TGFB)

32
Q

Which type of glomerulonephritis involves proliferation and swelling of endothelial cells?

A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Focal embolic glomerulonephritis

A

Type-I MPGN

33
Q

What is the characteristic deposition site of immune complexes in Type-I MPGN?

A) Subendothelial region
B) Subepithelial region
C) Basement membrane
D) Mesangial matrix

A

Subendothelial region

34
Q

How does Chronic Glomerulonephritis differ from other types of MPGN?

A) It involves subepithelial deposits of immune complexes
B) It leads to the formation of “wire loop” lesions
C) It replaces the entire glomerulus with hyaline connective tissue
D) It is characterized by the presence of IgG in the subepithelial region

A

It replaces the entire glomerulus with hyaline connective tissue

35
Q

Which type of MPGN demonstrates the presence of IgG in the subepithelial region?

A) Type-I MPGN
B) Type-II MPGN
C) Type III MPGN
D) Chronic glomerulonephritis

A

Type-II MPGN

36
Q

What is the main cause of Type-I MPGN?

A) Uncontrolled activation of complement
B) Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
C) Proliferation of mesangial cells
D) Immune complex penetration of vascular endothelium

A

Immune complex penetration of vascular endothelium

37
Q

What is a characteristic feature of Type-I Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)?’

A) Deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane
B) Proliferation of mesangial cells
C) Demonstration of IgG in the subepithelial region
D) Reduplication of the glomerular basement membrane

A

Proliferation of mesangial cells

38
Q

etiologies of urethritis

A

calculi, catheter injury

39
Q

characterized by congestion, obstruction, hydronephrosis and strictures

A

urethritis

40
Q

inflammation of urinary bladder characterized by congestion and fibrinous, purulent or hemorrhagic exudates

A

cystitis

41
Q

etiology of cystitis

A
  • Urinary calculi
  • Tuberculosis
  • Blockage in urethra
  • Bracken fern poisoning
42
Q

inflammation of ureter characterized by
enlargement, thickening of wall

A

ureteritis

43
Q

small, soft with shiny and greasy in
appearance, yellow in color which becomes darker on air exposure

A

cystine calculi

44
Q

calculi that is brownish red, concentrically laminated, fragile and irregular in shape

A

xanthine calculi

45
Q

white or grey in colour, chalky in
consistency, soft, friable and can be crushed with mild pressure

A

phosphate calculi

46
Q

yellow to brown in colour, formed in acidic urine, spherical and irregular in shape and they are not radioopaque

A

uric acid calculi

47
Q

hard, light yellow, covered with sharp spines
found in urinary bladder

A

oxalate calculi

48
Q

formation of stony precipitates any where in the urinary passage including kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra

A

urolithiasis

49
Q

hormone produced in kidneys to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBC

A

erythropoietin

50
Q

constricts afferent arterioles, maintain renal blood pressure, and stimulate aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands

A

renin

51
Q

active form of Vitamin D that absorb calcium in intestine

A

calcitriol [1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol]

52
Q

intravascular elevation of nitrogenous wastes

A

azotemia

53
Q

presence of excess accumulation in the blood of constituents normally eliminated in the urine

A

uremia

54
Q

seen in Doberman and beagle dogs

A

renal aplasia/ renal agenesis

55
Q

inherited in purebred and cross-bred large white pigs

A

renal hypoplasia

56
Q

excretion of large quantities of cystine
in the urine

A

cystinuria

57
Q

inherited in Norwegian elkhound

A

glucosuria

58
Q

areas of coagulative necrosis that result from ischemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thrombosis and aseptic emboli

A

renal infarcts

59
Q

wedge-shaped conforming to
distribution of obstructed vessel

A

renal infarcts

60
Q

results from widespread thrombosis that occur in glomerular capillaries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles in DIC

A

renal cortical necrosis

61
Q

hemorrhage of renal cortical are results or associated with these conditions

A

septicemia, vasculitis, vascular necrosis

62
Q

Petechiae are common in the surface/cortex in these diseases

A
  1. hog cholera
  2. African swine fever
  3. erysipelas
  4. streptococcal infections
  5. salmonella infections.
63
Q

a result of ischemic or toxic insult to
renal tubular cells

A

nephrosis

64
Q

acute tubular necrosis often termed

A

nephrosis

65
Q

streaks of brown discoloration

A

lipofuscin

66
Q

complex capillary tufts where
main function is to form a filtrate of plasma excreted in the lower urinary tract as urine

A

glomeruli

67
Q

leakage of various low molecular weight (small molecule) proteins into glomerular filtrate/urine

A

proteinuria / protein losing nephropathy

68
Q

glomerulosclerosis is seen in this condition

A

diabetes mellitus

69
Q

nephritis results from fungal/mycobacterial

A

granulomatous nephritis

70
Q

renal pelvis inflammation

A

pyelitis

71
Q

inflammation of both renal pelvis
and renal parenchyma

A

pyelonephritis

72
Q

etiologic agents of pyelonephritis

A

E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Staph., Strep.

73
Q

dilatation of renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine output

A

hydronephrosis

74
Q

a chronic/healing phase

A

renal fibrosis (scarring)

75
Q

chronic interstitial nephritis, end-stage kidneys or nephrosclerosis

A

fibrotic kidneys

76
Q

common renal neoplasm of

A

nephroblastomas

77
Q

most common urinary bladder malfunction

A

patent urachus or pervious urachus

78
Q

failure of the urachal remnant–umbilical
arteries and veins to involute

A

patent urachus or pervious urachus

79
Q

found in urinary tract cystine or xanthine, struvite, carbamate, silica,
urate,

A

urinary calculi

80
Q

inflammation of the urinary bladder

A

cystitis

81
Q

inflammation of the ureter

A

ureteritis

82
Q

inflammation of the urethra

A

urethritis

83
Q

enzootic hematuria is a result of prolonged ingestion of what poison

A

bracken fern

84
Q

cause of interstitial nephritis in horses

A

equine viral arteritis

85
Q

lesion characterized by hypercellularity of the glomerulus due to increased numbers of mesangial cells

A

Proliferative glomerulonephritis

86
Q

characterized by generalized hyaline thickening of glomerular capillary basement membrane that may occur in dogs with dirofilariasis

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

87
Q

hypocellularity, shrinkage, and hyalinization due to increase in fibrous connective tissue

A

glomerulosclerosis

ZZ3 Systemic Pathology (16 decks)

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