Pathology of Digestive System Flashcards by Danica Polbos

area that is best nourished

Periportal area

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least nourished area in the liver

central vein

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most common response of the hepatocyte to injury

hepatocyte vacuolar change (fatty change)

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caused by toxins where the cells continue to enlarge but do not undergo mitosis

megalocytosis

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regenerative doublets is common in what conditions

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis, aflatoxicosis

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result of hepatocellular injury that resulted in the liver’s inability to use bile

cholestasis

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end result of failure of bile excretion

jaundice or icterus

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condition is seen due to ammonia retention and retention of toxic amines normally removed from the portal blood by the liver

hepatic encephalopathy

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Give one sequella of hepatic encephalopathy

Formation of ammonium biurate calculi in kidney

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most common pattern of necrosis in liver

Centrilobular hepatic necrosis

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Etiologic agent of periportal necrosis

Carbon tetrachloride, Blue-green algae

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True or False.

In spite of its high degree of differentiation, the liver retains to an almost embryonic degree the capacity to regenerate itself

True

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What determines whether regeneration of the liver successful?

Adequate blood supply
Free drainage of bile
Intact FIBROUS RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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If regeneration is NOT successful, what is the primary concern for another general reaction of the liver to injury

Fibrosis

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common term for focal INTERSTITIAL HEPATITIS due to the migration of ASCARIS SUUM in pigs

milk spots

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What is the frequent end result of hepatic damage

Fibrosis

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undesirable sequelae of extensive fibrosis and regeneration characterized by nodular regeneration combined with fibrosis that alters the normal hepatic architecture

Cirrhosis

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deposition within the space of Disse will disrupt hepatic function

collagen

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third reaction of the liver to injury

bile duct hyperplasia

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hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a common lesion of

older dogs

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grossly appear as tan foci on the surface of liver that does not extend into the parenchyma when incised

autolysis of liver

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Liver is friable and softer, claylike and with formation of putrefactive gases, and smells bad.

autolytic liver

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common finding in animals that have been hit by a car accident or by blunt force trauma

hepatic rupture

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diagnostic feature for Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Intranuclear inclusion bodies

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bacteria which cause abortion in sheep, present round target-like foci or spots on the liver during necrosis of fetus

Campylobacter fetus, C. jejuni

etiologic agent of necrobacillosis

Fusobacterium necrophorum

observed following omphalophlebitis in lambs and calves

Fusobacterium necrophorum infection of the liver

etiologic agent of focal Interstitial Hepatitis in pigs

Ascaris suum

condition seen in bovine livers with capsular fibrous adhesions

Tension lipidosis

present in doberman as BOTH the lesion diagnosis and the disease followed by viral infection and idiosyncratic drug reactions

Chronic active hepatitis

individual and small groups of hepatocytes are isolated by fine, fibrous septa and small groups of inflammatory cells

piecemeal necrosis

chronic inflammation of the portal tracts, extending into the periportal parenchyma, obliterating first the limiting plate and then more distant hepatocytes

chronic active hepatitis

very common finding in the liver of ducks - thought to be part of a reaction to stress

hepatic amyloidosis

breed of dog in which signs of pancreatic insufficiency begin to manifest when the dogs are 6-12 months of age

German shepherd

True or False. Pancreatic hypoplasia in German shepherd is genetic basis and autosomal dominant trait

False. It is genetic basis and transmitted as an autosomal RECESSIVE trait

passage of fatty stools, often characterized by a high fat content due to lack of pancreatic enzymes

Steatorrhea

Obese female dogs fed with high fat and low protein diet are predisposed to?

acute pancreatic necrosis

better descriptive term of acute pancreatic necrosis

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

term used clinically to determine necrosis of the liver due to its pathogenesis of the lesion

Acute Pancreatic Necrosis

due to overproduction of a protein known as islet amyloid polypeptide common in older cats with varying degree of glucose intolerance

insular amyloidosis

inflammation of the gums or gingiva, usually caused by a bacterial infection

gingivitis

formed when the bacteria that is naturally occurring in the mouth mixes with remnants of food particles

dental plaque

biofilm of microorganisms (mostly bacteria, but also fungi) that grows on surfaces within the mouth

dental plaque

hard calcified deposits that form and coat the teeth and gums

tartar

an oral defect that will create painful hard palate abrasion holes

mandibular brachygnathism

Breeds of dog often seen with mandibular brachygnathism

1. German shepherd 2. Rottweilers 3. Collies 4. Standard poodles 5. Dachshunds

lower jaw is normal length but upper jaw is too short

mandibular prognathism

dogs with these condition will lose their self cleaning ability and trap plaque and debris

mandibular prognathism

Brachycephalic breeds predisposed to mandibular prognathism

1. Bulldogs 2. Pekingese 3. Boston terriers 4. Pugs 5. Persian cats

benign tumor of the tissue that holds the teeth in place

epulis

tumor of the ligament that holds the tooth in and least aggressive type of epulis

fibromatous epulis

epulis made up of bony matrix

ossifying epulis

most aggressive and invasive of the three epulis

acanthomathous

location where foreign bodies are trapped inside the mouth causing excessive salivation and obstruction

carnassial teeth

A cat presents proliferative masses around the gingival margins and larger masses at the caudal part of the hard palate, biopsy reveals loaded plasma cell.

Plasma cell stomatitis

cat with rodent ulcer or eosinophilic ulcer

feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

most common oral tumor of cats

squamous cell carcinoma

most common malignant neoplasm in dog

oral melanoma

term for disorders of swallowing

dysphagia

Caused by painful blisters, a swollen tongue, or a big bone lodged over the hard palate. What phase of dysphagia?

oral phase

possible reasons for pharyngeal phase dysphagia

tonsillitis, tumors of the pharynx, or abscesses.

occurs when the bolus has a hard time entering the esophagus due to a neurologic deficit

esophageal phase dysphagia

most common cause of acquired megaesophagus

myasthenia gravis

A condition where antibodies destroy their own's body acetylcholine therefore muscle contraction does not occur

myasthenia gravis

Etiologies of acquired megaesophagus

1. Canine distemper 2. Tetanus 3. Botulism 4. Lead poisoning 5. inborn errors of neuronal metabolism 6. Peripheral neuropathy

specialized lymphoid aggregates in the gut submucosa

peyer's patches

part of intestine where peyer's patches are most abundant

Ileum

Antigens gain access to the lymphoid area of peyer's patches through

Microfold cells

most common mechanism of diarrhea

malabsorptive diarrhea

diarrhea associated with villus atrophy

Malabsorptive

has no villi but only crypts, functions to absorb water

large intestine

etiologic agent of porcine intestinal spirochetosis

Serpulina pilosicoli

disease of pigs where bacteria line up along the luminal surface of the large intestinal epithelial cells and impair absorption

Porcine intestinal spirochetosis

etiologic agents of secretory diarrhea

1. Enterotoxigenic E. coli 2. Salmonella spp. 3. Campylobacter jejuni 4. Enterocytes

diarrhea with mesenteric lymph nodes enlarged, lymphatics have white string-of-pearl appearance in mesentery

effusive diarrhea

Other causes of effusive diarrhea

1. heart failure 2. portal hypertension 3. hypoalbuminea

Cirrhosis that is characterized by proliferation of fibrous tissue around the bile ducts encircling them such as those caused by fasciola gigantica

Biliary cirrhosis

Cirrhosis that is mostly confined to areas at a short distance beneath the capsule

Glissonian cirrhosis

Cirrhosis associated with yellow discoloration

Pigment cirrhosis

Cirrhosis which there is an increase in fibrous tissue around the central vein as a result of chronic passive congestion

Central or cardiac cirrhosis

Cirrhosis caused by migration of parasites such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Schistosoma sp

Parasitic cirrhosis