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ZZ3 Systemic Pathology > Pathology of Endocrine System > Flashcards

Pathology of Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

2 hormonal subtypes of chromophobes

A
  1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  2. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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2
Q

2 hormonal classes of basophils

A
  1. thyrotropes
  2. gonadotropes
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3
Q

which class produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

thyrotropes

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4
Q

2 hormones produced by gonadotropes

A
  1. Luteinizing hormone
  2. Follicle stimulating hormone
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5
Q

which class produce prolactin

A

lactotropes or mammotropes

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6
Q

which class produces growth hormone (GH)

A

somatotropes

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7
Q

Three principal types of adenohypophyseal hormone secreting cells

A
  1. acidophils
  2. basophils
  3. chromophobes
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8
Q

A small organ located at the base of the brain adjacent to the third ventricle

A

hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)

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9
Q

what is the small depression at the base of the 3rd ventricle of the brain

A

sella turcica

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10
Q

known as posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis

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11
Q

known as anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis

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12
Q

Give 3 releasing hormones under the influence of negative feedback

A
  1. corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
  2. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  3. luteotropin releasing hormone (LRH)
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13
Q

collections of specialized cells that synthesize, store, and release their secretions directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

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14
Q

primary center for homeostatic regulation of body temperature, appetite and cyclic shedding of hair

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

2 inhibiting substances under the influence of negative feedback

A
  1. somastotatin or somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF)
  2. prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)
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16
Q

stimulates glandular development and milk secretion in the mammary glands

A

prolactin

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17
Q

a polypeptide hormone responsible for the body’s growth

A

growth hormone (GH)

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18
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

ACTH

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19
Q

stimulates follicular growth in the females and stimulates the spermatogenic epithelium in the males

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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20
Q

required for ovulation in females and stimulates androgen secretion by the testicular Leydig cells in the males

A

Luetinizing hormone

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21
Q

another term for LH

A

Interstitial Cell Stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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22
Q

What type of thyroid hormone does TSH release into the circulation?

A

Thyroxine

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23
Q

What hormones are released from neurohypophysis?

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) or vasopressin
  2. oxytocin
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24
Q

alters distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts making them permeable to water reducing urine volume and increase urine tonicity

A

vasopressin (ADH)

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25
Q

causes the release of milk from the lactating mammary and stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during birth

A

oxytocin

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26
Q

If thyroid and parathyroid glands are damaged, it will affect the regulation of …….

A
  1. basal metabolic rate
  2. serum calcium concentration
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27
Q

cells that produces thyroxine, whichnregulates basal metabolism

A

Thyroid follicular epithelial cells

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28
Q

Functions of T4 and T3

A
  1. increase oxidative metabolism
  2. development of organism
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29
Q

produce CALCITONIN which lowers serum calcium levels and inhibits bone
formation

A

Parafollicular C cells (C cells)

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30
Q

antagonist of calcitonin released by parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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30
Q

PTH increases the levels of serum calcium by stimulating ……

A

bone resorption

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31
Q

Other than bone formation, PTH and calcitonin also influences these organs for regulation of CALCIUM excretion and uptake

A
  1. kidney
  2. Gastrointestinal tract
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32
Q

synthesizes a complex array of steroids that regulate carbohydrate metabolism, ion composition, and sexual function

A

adrenal cortex

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32
Q

paired glands that lie above each kidney consists of a cortex and a medulla

A

adrenal glands

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33
Q

The systematic control of adrenal cortex are received from?

A

ACTH from kidneys through RAAS

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34
Q

secretion of zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids or ALDOSTERONE

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35
Q

secretion of zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids or cortisol

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36
Q

secretes sex hormones or ANDROGENS

A

zona reticularis

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37
Q

synthesizes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine with widespread effect on heart, smooth muscle contraction, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

A

adrenal medulla

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38
Q

What controls the adrenal medulla

A

nerve impulses

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39
Q

endocrine pancreatic cells portion of the volume of pancreas

A

2 percent

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40
Q

Located along the periphery of the islets comprises about 15%

A

A cells (glucagon)

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41
Q

central located with population of 70% of islets

A

B cells (insulin)

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42
Q

D cells of endocrine pancreatic cells secretes?

A

Somatostatins

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43
Q

Insuline stimulates glucose transport and metabolism mainly in these 2 target tissues

A
  1. liver
  2. adipose tissues
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44
Q

Function of glucagon

A

Glycogen breakdown an glucose synthesis in liver, increasing blood glucose concentration

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45
Q

Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon

A

Somatostasin

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46
Q

If blood glucose is high, which cells are responsible for glucose metabolism stimulation in target organs

A

Insulin

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47
Q

If blood glucose is low, it increases the concentration through glucose synthesis

A

glucagon

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48
Q

resemblance of iodothyronine characteristics

A

steroid hormones

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49
Q

Characteristics of steroid hormones in terms of solubility, half-life, and primary site of action

A
  1. lipid soluble
  2. long half-life in plasma
  3. Nucleus of target cells
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50
Q

Characteristics of polypeptide hormones in terms of solubility, half-life, and primary site of action

A
  1. water soluble
  2. short half-life in blood
  3. outer surface of plasma membrane
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51
Q

3 major steroid hormones of gonads

A
  1. androgens
  2. estrogens
  3. progestin
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52
Q

responsible for development and maintenance of female reproductive system

A

estrogens (estradiol)

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53
Q

Similar to estrogens but in male reproductive system

A

androgens

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54
Q

They are involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus which supports growth of embryo

A

Progestin

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55
Q

they stimulate activities of the gonads and control the synthesis of steroid hormones in both sexes

A

gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)

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56
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine, or simply catecholamines are synthesized from?

A

tyrosine

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57
Q

Which among catecholamines are secreted due to short term stress

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

58
Q

they are secreted by adrenal cortex as a response to long term stress

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

59
Q

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by ____ while adrenal cortex is stimulated by _____ from the blood vessels

A

nerve signals; ACTH

60
Q

a disease mostly diagnosed in middle aged or older dogs, which is a common name for condition called hyperadrenocorticism (HAC)

A

Cushing’s disease

61
Q

helpful in dealing with short term stress but harmful if excessive

A

cortisol

62
Q

Main reasons pituitary gland becomes overactive

A
  1. Pituitary gland tumor
  2. Adrenal gland tumor
  3. Latrogenic Cushing’s disease
63
Q

hypofunctioning adrenal cortisol in dogs caused by an immune mediated destruction of adrenal tissue

A

Addison’s disease

64
Q

calcium level in the body is maintained at …..

A

10 mg/100 ml

65
Q

When blood calcium level falls, parathyroid glands secrete these hormones to increase release and absorption of calcium ions

A

parathyroid hormone

66
Q

a rise in blood calcium level promotes the release of _____ to reduce the release and uptake of calcium ions

A

calcitonin

67
Q

what stimulates the osteoclast in the bone to release calcium in the blood

A

PTH

68
Q

PTH DIRECTLY stimulates the uptake of calcium in ………

A

kidney

69
Q

PTH INDIRECTLY stimulate uptake of calcium in ____ by conversion of VIT D

A

intestines

70
Q

Insulin INHIBITS secretion of glucagons, meanwhile glucagon stimulates release both of _____ and _____

A

insulin and somastatin

71
Q

Diabetes mellitus which there is not enough insulin due to damaged pancreas

A

Type I

72
Q

diabetes mellitus due to insulin resistance or insulin is not properly utilized by the body

A

Type II

73
Q

Kind of dogs most susceptible to Type II diabetes mellitus

A

older, obese dogs

74
Q

type of diabetes that is only temporary and developed by female dogs during in heat or pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes

75
Q

What could result from inadequate synthesis and release of antidiuretic hormone?

A

Diabetes insipidus

76
Q

Alternative mechanisms involved in endocrine disease

A
  1. an altered sensitivity of the target tissue
  2. increased hormone catabolism
  3. production of hormone by a tissue that does not normally do so
77
Q

Primary hyperfunction may be due to …..

A

hyperplasia or neoplasia

78
Q

insulinoma results to …..

A

hypoglycemia

79
Q

the increased activity (and usually increase in size) of an endocrine gland is an exaggerated response to factors to which it is normally sensitive

A

secondary hyperfunction

80
Q

disease of endocrine due to failure of normal development of an endocrine tissue or following destruction of an endocrine gland

A

primary hypofunction

81
Q

diminished stimulation by pituitary trophic hormones will lead to atrophy in target endocrine gland

A

secondary hypofunction

82
Q

most common disease of pituitary

A

pituitary tumors

83
Q

Functional pituitary tumors result to ….

A

excessive hormone secretion

84
Q

most common clinical consequence of pituitary functional tumor

A

Cushing’s disease

85
Q

most common functional pituitary tumors in dogs

A

ACTH producing pituitary tumor

86
Q

rare but is seen particularly in German shepherd
dogs (GSDs)

A

Panhypopituitarism; dwarfism (Juvenile pituitary hypoplasia)

87
Q

excessive GH following BEFORE closure of
epiphyseal plates (growing stage)

A

gigantism

88
Q

excessive GH AFTER closure of epiphyseal plates

A

acromegaly

89
Q

characterized by excretion of large
amounts of dilute urine due to a failure of normal resorption of water by renal tubular epithelial cells

A

diabetes insipidus

90
Q

diabetes insipidus results from lack of …..

A

vasopressin

91
Q

pituitary hyperfunction which results to overgrowth of connective tissue, visceral
parenchyma and bone

A

acromegaly

92
Q

most cases of addison’s disease or hypoadrenocorticism are idiopathic, which means?

A

a disease with no identifiable cause

93
Q

Addison’s like disease is associated with lack of secretion of both

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

94
Q

due to reduced gluconeogenesis and increased sensitivity to insulin

A

hypoglycemia

95
Q

Inadequate glucocorticoids’ effect on skin hyperpigmentation is due to increased …..

A

ACTH or melanocyte stimulating hormone

96
Q

Inadequate glucocorticoids effect on blood

A

lymphocytosis and eosinophilia

97
Q

In addison’s disease, lack of mineralocorticoids will lead to?

A
  1. hyperkalemia
  2. reduce blood volume (hypovolemic shock)
98
Q

hyperkalemia and hypovolemic shock due to lack of mineralocorticoids (addison’s disease) will lead to (4)

A
  1. hemoconcentration
  2. dehydration/circulatory shock
  3. polyuria/polydipdsia
  4. prerenal uremia.
99
Q

combination of hemoconcentration, dehydration, polyuria, prerenal uremia leads to

A

acute coma or addisonian crisis

100
Q

Clinical changes are a result of the combined
hormonal effects on carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, electrolyte homeostasis and anti-inflammatory effects

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

101
Q

Signs of Canine Cushing’s disease

A
  1. alopecia
  2. polydipsia and polyuria
  3. polyphagia,
  4. muscle weakness
  5. poor wound healing
  6. liver enlargement
  7. dystrophic calcification (of skin, lung and muscles)
102
Q

this sign of canine’s cushing disease is probably due to an effect antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

A

polydipsia and polyuria

103
Q

Increased appetite of canine cushing disease is due to …….

A
  1. damage to medullary “satiety center”
  2. increased cortisol
104
Q

Muscle weakness in case of canine cushing disease clinically indicates

A
  1. increased catabolism
  2. reduced protein synthesis
105
Q

cholesterol is increased to about ____ in case of canine cushing disease due to increased lipolysis of body fat

A

90%

106
Q

Primary and secondary tumors of the adrenal cortex are rare in any species

A

adrenocortical neoplasia

107
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma

108
Q

pheochromocytoma is rare but occurs in

A

dogs and bulls

109
Q

Cathecolamine excess leads to the following vague and intermittent clinical signs (5)

A

a. hypertension
b. tachycardia
c. cardiac hypertrophy
d. weakness and collapse
e. ascites or edema of hindlimbs resultant of
caudal vena cava compression

110
Q

non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

goiter

111
Q

Diffuse thyroid hyperplasia may also indicate

A

hypothyroidism

112
Q

may be a result of increased stimulation by TSH if there is iodine deficiency leading to reduced circulating T3/T4

A

goiter

113
Q

significance of goiter

A

affects offspring of affected females

114
Q

Clinical signs of hypothyroidism

A

a. lethargy and obesity
b. atrophic skin disease with myxedema
c. infertility; normochromic/normocytic anemia
d. increased CPK
e. hypercholesterolemia

115
Q

Other terms for Feline hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

A
  1. senile uninodular or multinodular hyperplasia
  2. adenomatous hyperplasia
116
Q

effects of high circulating T3/T4

A
  1. polyphagia but weight loss (with increased frequency and volume of fecal discharge).
  2. polyuria/polydipsia
  3. hyperactivity
  4. tachycardia and cardiomegaly
117
Q

functional thyroid neoplasia that occurs in cats but rare in dogs

A

follicular cell adenoma

118
Q

thyroid neoplasia more common in dogs than cats

A

follicular cell carcinoma

119
Q

Characteristics of follicular cell carcinoma

A
  1. tumors are usually unilateral but multinodular
  2. rarely functional but are locally invasive and
    metastasize
  3. poorly differentiated with a high mitotic rate
120
Q

F or PP cells produce

A

pancreatic polypeptide

121
Q

clinical syndrome resulting from hyperglycemia
most commonly due to insulin deficiency

A

diabetes mellitus

122
Q

result of loss of/damage to beta cells or an effect on insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

123
Q

Type of diabetes which is the most common mechanism in dogs but not in cats

A

Type 1 diabetes

124
Q

autoimmune destruction of islet cells lead to failure of production of adequate insulin

A

Type 1 diabetes

125
Q

non-insulin dependent; in humans, it is an adult onset

A

Type 2 diabetes

126
Q

Type 1 diabetes in humans is ….

A

juvenile onset

127
Q

Chronic hyperglycemia reduces insulin secretion and there is loss of beta cells

A

glucose toxicity

128
Q

True or False.

Insulin-resistance and hyperinsulinemia occurs in obese dogs but does not necessarily progress to diabetes mellitus.

A

True

129
Q

Diseases resulting to insulin resistance

A
  1. Cushing disease
  2. Acromegaly
  3. Hyperthyroidism in cats (lesser extent)
130
Q

there may be reduced insulin secretion or peripheral insulin resistance, or decreased effectiveness of secreted insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

131
Q

most common form of diabetes in cats is Type 2 diabetes, and what is typically found in this case

A

islet amyloid deposition

132
Q

lack of insulin reduces ______, which is significant for compensate for failure of normal glucose
metabolism

A

protein synthesis

133
Q

lack of protein leads to

A

muscle wasting

134
Q

glucagonomas in some cases may present clinically as

A

diabetes mellitus

135
Q

glucagonomas lead to?

A

hyperglycemia

136
Q

Clinical signs due to hypoglycemia

A
  1. confusion
  2. stupor
  3. convulsions and coma
137
Q

most common islet neoplasia

A

insulinoma

138
Q

70% of diabetic dogs are likely to develop this due to metabolism of glucose to SORBITOL and FRUCTOSE

A

opacity or cataract formation

139
Q

Due to iodine deficiency, there is hyperplasia of thyroid gland
with reduction in thyroxin production

A

Hyperplastic goiter

140
Q

hyperplasia of thyroid gland with reduced thyroxin
secretion caused by defective or absence of enzymes responsible
for thyroxin synthesis.

A

Familial goiter

141
Q

enlargement and distention of acini filled with colloid and flat epithelium caused by deficiency of iodine

A

Colloid goiter

142
Q

characterized by nodular enlargement of thyroid gland,
with one or many hard nodules of variable in size

A

Adenomatous goiter

143
Q

characterized by exophthalmus due to
hyperthyroidism, enlargement of thyroid due to hyperplasia

A

Toxic goiter

144
Q

caused by excessive iodine levels in feed and
occurs in new born foals with weakness from a goiterous mare

A

Equine goiter

145
Q

decreased activity of parathyroid gland
characterized by decreased concentration of blood calcium and tonic spasms of muscles

A

Hypoparathyroidism

ZZ3 Systemic Pathology (16 decks)

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