Pathology of Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
2 hormonal subtypes of chromophobes
A
- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- Melanocyte stimulating hormone
2
Q
2 hormonal classes of basophils
A
- thyrotropes
- gonadotropes
3
Q
which class produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
A
thyrotropes
4
Q
2 hormones produced by gonadotropes
A
- Luteinizing hormone
- Follicle stimulating hormone
5
Q
which class produce prolactin
A
lactotropes or mammotropes
6
Q
which class produces growth hormone (GH)
A
somatotropes
7
Q
Three principal types of adenohypophyseal hormone secreting cells
A
- acidophils
- basophils
- chromophobes
8
Q
A small organ located at the base of the brain adjacent to the third ventricle
A
hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)
9
Q
what is the small depression at the base of the 3rd ventricle of the brain
A
sella turcica
10
Q
known as posterior pituitary
A
neurohypophysis
11
Q
known as anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
A
pars distalis
12
Q
Give 3 releasing hormones under the influence of negative feedback
A
- corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
- thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
- luteotropin releasing hormone (LRH)
13
Q
collections of specialized cells that synthesize, store, and release their secretions directly into the bloodstream
A
Endocrine glands
14
Q
primary center for homeostatic regulation of body temperature, appetite and cyclic shedding of hair
A
hypothalamus
15
Q
2 inhibiting substances under the influence of negative feedback
A
- somastotatin or somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF)
- prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)
16
Q
stimulates glandular development and milk secretion in the mammary glands
A
prolactin
17
Q
a polypeptide hormone responsible for the body’s growth
A
growth hormone (GH)
18
Q
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
A
ACTH
19
Q
stimulates follicular growth in the females and stimulates the spermatogenic epithelium in the males
A
Follicle stimulating hormone
20
Q
required for ovulation in females and stimulates androgen secretion by the testicular Leydig cells in the males
A
Luetinizing hormone
21
Q
another term for LH
A
Interstitial Cell Stimulating hormone (ICSH)
22
Q
What type of thyroid hormone does TSH release into the circulation?
A
Thyroxine
23
Q
What hormones are released from neurohypophysis?
A
- Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) or vasopressin
- oxytocin
24
Q
alters distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts making them permeable to water reducing urine volume and increase urine tonicity
A
vasopressin (ADH)
25
causes the release of milk from the lactating mammary and stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during birth
oxytocin
26
If thyroid and parathyroid glands are damaged, it will affect the regulation of .......
1. basal metabolic rate
2. serum calcium concentration
27
cells that produces thyroxine, whichnregulates basal metabolism
Thyroid follicular epithelial cells
28
Functions of T4 and T3
1. increase oxidative metabolism
2. development of organism
29
produce CALCITONIN which lowers serum calcium levels and inhibits bone
formation
Parafollicular C cells (C cells)
30
antagonist of calcitonin released by parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
30
PTH increases the levels of serum calcium by stimulating ......
bone resorption
31
Other than bone formation, PTH and calcitonin also influences these organs for regulation of CALCIUM excretion and uptake
1. kidney
2. Gastrointestinal tract
32
synthesizes a complex array of steroids that regulate carbohydrate metabolism, ion composition, and sexual function
adrenal cortex
32
paired glands that lie above each kidney consists of a cortex and a medulla
adrenal glands
33
The systematic control of adrenal cortex are received from?
ACTH from kidneys through RAAS
34
secretion of zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids or ALDOSTERONE
35
secretion of zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids or cortisol
36
secretes sex hormones or ANDROGENS
zona reticularis
37
synthesizes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine with widespread effect on heart, smooth muscle contraction, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
adrenal medulla
38
What controls the adrenal medulla
nerve impulses
39
endocrine pancreatic cells portion of the volume of pancreas
2 percent
40
Located along the periphery of the islets comprises about 15%
A cells (glucagon)
41
central located with population of 70% of islets
B cells (insulin)
42
D cells of endocrine pancreatic cells secretes?
Somatostatins
43
Insuline stimulates glucose transport and metabolism mainly in these 2 target tissues
1. liver
2. adipose tissues
44
Function of glucagon
Glycogen breakdown an glucose synthesis in liver, increasing blood glucose concentration
45
Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon
Somatostasin
46
If blood glucose is high, which cells are responsible for glucose metabolism stimulation in target organs
Insulin
47
If blood glucose is low, it increases the concentration through glucose synthesis
glucagon
48
resemblance of iodothyronine characteristics
steroid hormones
49
Characteristics of steroid hormones in terms of solubility, half-life, and primary site of action
1. lipid soluble
2. long half-life in plasma
3. Nucleus of target cells
50
Characteristics of polypeptide hormones in terms of solubility, half-life, and primary site of action
1. water soluble
2. short half-life in blood
3. outer surface of plasma membrane
51
3 major steroid hormones of gonads
1. androgens
2. estrogens
3. progestin
52
responsible for development and maintenance of female reproductive system
estrogens (estradiol)
53
Similar to estrogens but in male reproductive system
androgens
54
They are involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus which supports growth of embryo
Progestin
55
they stimulate activities of the gonads and control the synthesis of steroid hormones in both sexes
gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
56
norepinephrine and epinephrine, or simply catecholamines are synthesized from?
tyrosine
57
Which among catecholamines are secreted due to short term stress
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
58
they are secreted by adrenal cortex as a response to long term stress
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
59
The adrenal medulla is stimulated by ____ while adrenal cortex is stimulated by _____ from the blood vessels
nerve signals; ACTH
60
a disease mostly diagnosed in middle aged or older dogs, which is a common name for condition called hyperadrenocorticism (HAC)
Cushing's disease
61
helpful in dealing with short term stress but harmful if excessive
cortisol
62
Main reasons pituitary gland becomes overactive
1. Pituitary gland tumor
2. Adrenal gland tumor
3. Latrogenic Cushing's disease
63
hypofunctioning adrenal cortisol in dogs caused by an immune mediated destruction of adrenal tissue
Addison's disease
64
calcium level in the body is maintained at .....
10 mg/100 ml
65
When blood calcium level falls, parathyroid glands secrete these hormones to increase release and absorption of calcium ions
parathyroid hormone
66
a rise in blood calcium level promotes the release of _____ to reduce the release and uptake of calcium ions
calcitonin
67
what stimulates the osteoclast in the bone to release calcium in the blood
PTH
68
PTH DIRECTLY stimulates the uptake of calcium in .........
kidney
69
PTH INDIRECTLY stimulate uptake of calcium in ____ by conversion of VIT D
intestines
70
Insulin INHIBITS secretion of glucagons, meanwhile glucagon stimulates release both of _____ and _____
insulin and somastatin
71
Diabetes mellitus which there is not enough insulin due to damaged pancreas
Type I
72
diabetes mellitus due to insulin resistance or insulin is not properly utilized by the body
Type II
73
Kind of dogs most susceptible to Type II diabetes mellitus
older, obese dogs
74
type of diabetes that is only temporary and developed by female dogs during in heat or pregnancy
gestational diabetes
75
What could result from inadequate synthesis and release of antidiuretic hormone?
Diabetes insipidus
76
Alternative mechanisms involved in endocrine disease
1. an altered sensitivity of the target tissue
2. increased hormone catabolism
3. production of hormone by a tissue that does not normally do so
77
Primary hyperfunction may be due to .....
hyperplasia or neoplasia
78
insulinoma results to .....
hypoglycemia
79
the increased activity (and usually increase in size) of an endocrine gland is an exaggerated response to factors to which it is normally sensitive
secondary hyperfunction
80
disease of endocrine due to failure of normal development of an endocrine tissue or following destruction of an endocrine gland
primary hypofunction
81
diminished stimulation by pituitary trophic hormones will lead to atrophy in target endocrine gland
secondary hypofunction
82
most common disease of pituitary
pituitary tumors
83
Functional pituitary tumors result to ....
excessive hormone secretion
84
most common clinical consequence of pituitary functional tumor
Cushing's disease
85
most common functional pituitary tumors in dogs
ACTH producing pituitary tumor
86
rare but is seen particularly in German shepherd
dogs (GSDs)
Panhypopituitarism; dwarfism (Juvenile pituitary hypoplasia)
87
excessive GH following BEFORE closure of
epiphyseal plates (growing stage)
gigantism
88
excessive GH AFTER closure of epiphyseal plates
acromegaly
89
characterized by excretion of large
amounts of dilute urine due to a failure of normal resorption of water by renal tubular epithelial cells
diabetes insipidus
90
diabetes insipidus results from lack of .....
vasopressin
91
pituitary hyperfunction which results to overgrowth of connective tissue, visceral
parenchyma and bone
acromegaly
92
most cases of addison's disease or hypoadrenocorticism are idiopathic, which means?
a disease with no identifiable cause
93
Addison's like disease is associated with lack of secretion of both
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
94
due to reduced gluconeogenesis and increased sensitivity to insulin
hypoglycemia
95
Inadequate glucocorticoids' effect on skin hyperpigmentation is due to increased .....
ACTH or melanocyte stimulating hormone
96
Inadequate glucocorticoids effect on blood
lymphocytosis and eosinophilia
97
In addison's disease, lack of mineralocorticoids will lead to?
1. hyperkalemia
2. reduce blood volume (hypovolemic shock)
98
hyperkalemia and hypovolemic shock due to lack of mineralocorticoids (addison's disease) will lead to (4)
1. hemoconcentration
2. dehydration/circulatory shock
3. polyuria/polydipdsia
4. prerenal uremia.
99
combination of hemoconcentration, dehydration, polyuria, prerenal uremia leads to
acute coma or addisonian crisis
100
Clinical changes are a result of the combined
hormonal effects on carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, electrolyte homeostasis and anti-inflammatory effects
Hyperadrenocorticism
101
Signs of Canine Cushing's disease
1. alopecia
2. polydipsia and polyuria
3. polyphagia,
4. muscle weakness
5. poor wound healing
6. liver enlargement
7. dystrophic calcification (of skin, lung and muscles)
102
this sign of canine's cushing disease is probably due to an effect antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
polydipsia and polyuria
103
Increased appetite of canine cushing disease is due to .......
1. damage to medullary "satiety center"
2. increased cortisol
104
Muscle weakness in case of canine cushing disease clinically indicates
1. increased catabolism
2. reduced protein synthesis
105
cholesterol is increased to about ____ in case of canine cushing disease due to increased lipolysis of body fat
90%
106
Primary and secondary tumors of the adrenal cortex are rare in any species
adrenocortical neoplasia
107
tumor of the adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma
108
pheochromocytoma is rare but occurs in
dogs and bulls
109
Cathecolamine excess leads to the following vague and intermittent clinical signs (5)
a. hypertension
b. tachycardia
c. cardiac hypertrophy
d. weakness and collapse
e. ascites or edema of hindlimbs resultant of
caudal vena cava compression
110
non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland
goiter
111
Diffuse thyroid hyperplasia may also indicate
hypothyroidism
112
may be a result of increased stimulation by TSH if there is iodine deficiency leading to reduced circulating T3/T4
goiter
113
significance of goiter
affects offspring of affected females
114
Clinical signs of hypothyroidism
a. lethargy and obesity
b. atrophic skin disease with myxedema
c. infertility; normochromic/normocytic anemia
d. increased CPK
e. hypercholesterolemia
115
Other terms for Feline hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
1. senile uninodular or multinodular hyperplasia
2. adenomatous hyperplasia
116
effects of high circulating T3/T4
1. polyphagia but weight loss (with increased frequency and volume of fecal discharge).
2. polyuria/polydipsia
3. hyperactivity
4. tachycardia and cardiomegaly
117
functional thyroid neoplasia that occurs in cats but rare in dogs
follicular cell adenoma
118
thyroid neoplasia more common in dogs than cats
follicular cell carcinoma
119
Characteristics of follicular cell carcinoma
1. tumors are usually unilateral but multinodular
2. rarely functional but are locally invasive and
metastasize
3. poorly differentiated with a high mitotic rate
120
F or PP cells produce
pancreatic polypeptide
121
clinical syndrome resulting from hyperglycemia
most commonly due to insulin deficiency
diabetes mellitus
122
result of loss of/damage to beta cells or an effect on insulin
diabetes mellitus
123
Type of diabetes which is the most common mechanism in dogs but not in cats
Type 1 diabetes
124
autoimmune destruction of islet cells lead to failure of production of adequate insulin
Type 1 diabetes
125
non-insulin dependent; in humans, it is an adult onset
Type 2 diabetes
126
Type 1 diabetes in humans is ....
juvenile onset
127
Chronic hyperglycemia reduces insulin secretion and there is loss of beta cells
glucose toxicity
128
True or False.
Insulin-resistance and hyperinsulinemia occurs in obese dogs but does not necessarily progress to diabetes mellitus.
True
129
Diseases resulting to insulin resistance
1. Cushing disease
2. Acromegaly
3. Hyperthyroidism in cats (lesser extent)
130
there may be reduced insulin secretion or peripheral insulin resistance, or decreased effectiveness of secreted insulin
Type 2 diabetes
131
most common form of diabetes in cats is Type 2 diabetes, and what is typically found in this case
islet amyloid deposition
132
lack of insulin reduces ______, which is significant for compensate for failure of normal glucose
metabolism
protein synthesis
133
lack of protein leads to
muscle wasting
134
glucagonomas in some cases may present clinically as
diabetes mellitus
135
glucagonomas lead to?
hyperglycemia
136
Clinical signs due to hypoglycemia
1. confusion
2. stupor
3. convulsions and coma
137
most common islet neoplasia
insulinoma
138
70% of diabetic dogs are likely to develop this due to metabolism of glucose to SORBITOL and FRUCTOSE
opacity or cataract formation
139
Due to iodine deficiency, there is hyperplasia of thyroid gland
with reduction in thyroxin production
Hyperplastic goiter
140
hyperplasia of thyroid gland with reduced thyroxin
secretion caused by defective or absence of enzymes responsible
for thyroxin synthesis.
Familial goiter
141
enlargement and distention of acini filled with colloid and flat epithelium caused by deficiency of iodine
Colloid goiter
142
characterized by nodular enlargement of thyroid gland,
with one or many hard nodules of variable in size
Adenomatous goiter
143
characterized by exophthalmus due to
hyperthyroidism, enlargement of thyroid due to hyperplasia
Toxic goiter
144
caused by excessive iodine levels in feed and
occurs in new born foals with weakness from a goiterous mare
Equine goiter
145
decreased activity of parathyroid gland
characterized by decreased concentration of blood calcium and tonic spasms of muscles
Hypoparathyroidism
