Pathology of Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Note: There are added information from the original textbook. (Pathologic basis of Veterinary Disease_6th Edition)
1
Q
Give the causes of congenital cardiovascular anomalies
A
- Failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts
- Failure of Normal Valvular Development
- Malpositioning of Great Vessels
2
Q
Patent ductus arteriosus is inherited among what breeds of dog
A
Poodles, Collies, Pomeranians
3
Q
ductus arteriosus must close by 3 weeks after birth and form a small ligament
A
ligamentum arteriosus
4
Q
a right aorta instead of normal left arches over the origin of the right bronchus
A
Persistent Right Aortic Arch
5
Q
Component Defects of Tetrad of Fallot
A
- Interventricular septal defect
- Transposition of the aorta
- Pulmonic stenosis
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
6
Q
Eisenmenger’s Complex
A
- Interventricular septal defect
- Transposition of the aorta
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
7
Q
Give the four anomalies resulting from failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts
A
- patent ductus arteriosus
- atrial septal defect
- ventricular septal defect
- tetrad of fallot
8
Q
Anomalies due to failure of normal valvular development
A
- pulmonic stenosis
- subaortic stenosis
- endocardial cushion defects
- mitral and tricuspid malformation in cats
9
Q
Malpositioning of Great Vessels
A
- Persistent right aortic arch
- transposition of aorta and pulmonary artery
10
Q
In PDA, shunting occurs from left to right which results to a condition?
A
Pulmonary hypertension
11
Q
Pathology of Ventricular septal defect
A
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
- Pulmonary hypertension and edema
12
Q
blood squirting that produce valvular incompentence
A
jet lesions
13
Q
aortic and subaortic are frequent in what domestic animals
A
dogs and danish pigs
14
Q
occur at the valve site with or without supra or subvalvular constriction
A
pulmonary stenosis
15
Q
Pulmonary stenosis is most common in what breed of dogs
A
- bulldogs
- chihuahua
- terrier types
16
Q
a complex whereby aorta is dextroposed; there is Ventricular Septal defect leading to right ventricular hypertrophy
A
Eisenmenger’s Complex
17
Q
ectopia cordis is common what domesticated animals
A
cattle and pigs
18
Q
Describe ectopia cordis
A
Presternally or intrabdominally located heart
19
Q
Due to this condition, hematocysts on the margins of AV valves may be present in calves
A
congenital hematomas
20
Q
the diffuse fibroelastic thickening of the left ventricular endocardium
A
Endocardial fibroelastosis
21
Q
Congenital abnormalities that causes RCHF
A
- Pulmonic valve stenosis
- Tricuspid valve insufficiency
- Interventricular septal defect
22
Q
Causes of RCHF
A
- Myocardial degeneration
- Myocarditis
- Cardiomyopathies
- Congenital abnormalities
- Cor pulmonale
- Hydropericardium
- Pericarditis
- Failure of left side of the heart
23
Q
Principal manifestation of RCHF
A
- Increased hydrostatic pressure in systemic and hepato-portal venous system
- Reduction of flow of blood from the lungs to the left ventricle
24
Q
Causes of LCHF
A
- myocardial degeneration
- myocarditis
- cardiomyopathies
- congenital abnormalities
25
congenital abnormalities that can cause LCHF
1. aortic valve constriction
2. bicuspid valve insufficiency
3. PDA
26
Principal manifestation of LCHF
1. damming back of blood in the lungs leading to pulmonary hypertension
2. Diminution of cardiac output
27
Mineralization of endocardium will occur with?
Vit. D toxicosis
28
important age-related cardiac disease of dogs
valvular endocardiosis
29
Other names for Valvular endocardiosis
1. valvular fibrosis
2. myxomatous or mucoid degeneration
30
most common cause of CHF in old dogs
Valvular endocardiosis
31
Parasite which cause endocarditis in horses
Strongylus vulgaris larvae
32
Ulcerative endocarditis is a distinctive lesion common affecting left atrium assoc. with this condition in dogs
acute renal insufficiency
33
In gross examinations, valves have large, adhering, friable, yellow to gray masses termed "vegetations" occluding valvular orrifices
Endocarditis
34
Chronic condition of Endocarditis
Irregular nodular masses termed "verrucae" (or wartlike lesions)
35
Give the two anatomic forms of myocardial hypertrophy
1. Eccentric hypertrophy
2. Concentric hypertrophy
36
Characterized with enlarged cardiac chambers with normal to decreased full thickness and produced by lesions with increased blood volume
Eccentric hypertrophy of myocardium
37
An anatomic form of myocardial hypertrophy that is characterized by small cardiac chambers with thick walls
Concentric hypertrophy
38
In concentric hypertrophy, the lesions results from increased pressure load. Give 3 examples
1. Valvular stenosis
2. Systemic hypertension
3. Pulmonary disease
39
Three stages of myocardial hypertrophy
Initiation
Stable hyperfunction
Deterioration of function associated with the generation of hypertrophied muscle
40
In dogs, congenital subaortic stenosis will result to?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
41
Enumerate the four diseases resulting to right ventricular hypertrophy
1. Dirofilariasis
2. Congenital pulmonic stenosis in dogs
3. Brisket disease (high altitude disease) in cattle
4. Heaves or chronic alveolar emphysema in horses
42
This condition affects myocardial cells associated with obesity and abundant epicardial fat deposits
Fatty infiltration
43
It is the accumulation of abundant lipid droplets in the muscles sarcoplasm
Fatty degeneration or fatty change
44
Lipofuscinosis is a condition of the myocardium of aged animals that is associated with?
Cachexia
45
Fatty degeneration is hereditary lesion in what breed of cattle
Ayshire
46
What is the term for progressive weakening of cardiac muscle
Cardiomyopathy
47
Characterized primary or idiopathic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive
48
Characterized secondary cardiomyopathy or specific cardiac muscle diseases
1. Heritable
2. nutritional deficiencies
3. toxic
4. physical shock or injuries
5. endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism, excess glucocorticoids, and diabetes mellitus
49
Myocardial infarction is a result of thrombosis or embolism of what artery
coronary arteries
50
Give the entities of myocardial infarction
Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, or periarteritis
51
Enumerate the types of myocarditis
1. Suppurative myocarditis
2. Necrotizing myocarditis
3. Hemorrhagic myocarditis
4. lymphocytic myocarditis
5. eosinophilic myocarditis
52
A neoplastic disease which the cardiac nerve is involved in cattle
Schwannoma
53
These are heart based tumors or aortic body tumor
Chemodectoma
54
It is the accumulation of clear to light yellow, watery, serous fluid in the pericardial sac which become distended
Hydropericardium
55
What are the conditions that hydropericardium are associated with or occurring at the same time? Give three examples
1. Generalized edema
2. Hydrothorax and ascites
56
In pigs, hydropericardium may occur with these two conditions
Mulberry heart disease and septicemia
57
It is the accumulation of whole blood in the pericardial sac
Hemopericardium
58
Rapid onset of hydropericardium may lead to
Cardiac tamponade or compression
59
It is an inflammatory lesions of the pericardium which is the most common and often hematogenous, characterized as the bread and butter heart
Fibrinous pericarditis
60
Etiologies of fibrinous pericarditis in cattle
Pasteurellosis, blackleg, coliform septicemia
61
It is a lesion of pericardium which is common in cattle due to traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Suppurative pericarditis
62
It is the extensive fibrous proliferation and formation of fibrous adhesions across the pericardial space
Constructive pericarditis
63
Can cause fibrinous pericarditis in pigs
Glasser's disease and streptococcal disease
64
May cause fibrinous pericarditis in birds
Psittacosis
65
Vascular system is subdivided into four
Arterial, capillary, venous, and lymphatic
66
Three types of arteries
Elastic, muscular, arterioles
67
During postmortem examination the vascular system will turn white intimal surface red. What is this condition
Imbibition with hemoglobin
68
Postmortem clots are found in?
Veins, large elastic arteries
69
It is a localized dilatation or out pouching of a thinned and weakend portion of a blood vessel
Aneurysms
70
Give the three types of aneurysms
Saccular
Fusiform
Dissecting
71
These are the cause of aneurysms
Copper deficiency and Spirocera lupi infection
72
A type of dissecting aneurysm which is seen in birds with and result from intimal disruption
Dissecting aneurysm
73
Describe arterial hypertrophy
It results from sustained increase in pressure or volume overload that generally affects muscular arteries
74
It is the hardening of the arteries and is age related frequent in animal species
Arteriosclerosis
75
Characterize arteriosclerosis
It is a hyperplasia of medial tunics and fibrous tissue infiltration in the intima
76
It is the accumulation of extensive deposits of lipid, fibrous tissue, and calcium in vessel walls
Atherosclerosis
77
Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease with great importance in humans and observed in what domestic animals
Aged swine, birds, and dogs with hypothyroidism
78
These are clots and foreign bodies that lodge vessel walls that cause significant lesions
Thrombosis and embolism
79
Inflammation of blood vessels
Vasculitis
80
This is a neoplastic lesion of the blood that is common in canine skin
Hemangiopericytoma
81
A rare benign neoplasm of lymph channels
Lymphangioma
82
Localized venous dilatation of a weakend vascular walls
Varicosity
83
Phlebectasia
Generalized venous dilatation
84
It is a lymph vessel disease in which the affected animal have prominent subcutaneous edema and is due to lymph drainage interference
Hereditary lymphedema
85
An inflammatory disease known as Navel ill
Omphalophlebitis
86
Associated pathology of LCHF is pulmonary hypertension, which may result to (4)
1. alveolar edema
2. interstitial edema
3. hemosiderosis of the lungs
4. right sided heart failure due to back pressure
87
LCHF cause coughing and dyspnea due to?
1. hypoxic stimulation of carotid sinus and medullary respiration
2. irritation of respiratory mucosa by edema fluid
88
Endocardial fibrosis possible causes
Vit D toxicosis and carcinogenic plants containing VIT. D analogs
89
plants which may cause endocardial fibrosis
1. Cestrum diurnum
2. Tristetum flavescens
3. Solanum torvum
90
What are the bacteria inflicting endocarditis?
1. Actinomyces pyogenes
2. Streptococcus spp.
3. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
91
Major difference in terms of etiology of eccentric and concentric myocardial hypertrophy?
Eccentric is due to lesions resulting in increased blood volume, while concentric is a result of increased load pressure.
92
Eccentric hypertrophy lesion (2)
1. valvular insufficiency
2. septal defects
93
arterial hypertrophy generally affects?
muscular arteries
94
a condition of arterial disease that results from sustained increase in pressure or volume overload
arterial hypertrophy
95
lymphangitis is the inflammation of lymph vessels that are often located in?
vessels of distal limbs
96
a rare benign neoplasm of lymph channels
lymphangioma
97
clinical syndrome that occurs secondary to severe, overwhelming cardiac disease
heart failure
98
Irregular bands or ridge of fibrous tissue stretch across the subaortic endocardium
Aortic and subaortic stenosis
99
*a cardiac anomaly frequently observed in pigs and dogs
subaortic stenosis
100
*most common congenital cardiac anomaly of large-breed dogs
subvalvular aortic stenosis
101
*most common congenital cardiac anomaly seen in cats
endocardial cushion defects
102
*Tricuspid valve dysplasia has a genetic
basis which it is an autosomal dominant trait in what breed of dogs?
Labrador retriever
103
*result from defective separation of the developing liver and septum transversum during embryogenesis that allows the
peritoneal and pericardial cavities to communicate
Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias
104
*this condition is shown to have the normal flow from the portal vein diverted, either partially or completely, to the systemic circulation, thus bypassing the liver
portacaval shunts
105
*PDA is an inherited polygenic trait in what breed of dogs, where females have greater incidence?
poodles
106
*most common feline primary myocardial disease
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
107
inflammation of the umbilical vein that often occurs in neonatal farm animals because of bacterial contamination of the umbilicus immediately after parturition
omphalophlebitis or navel ill
108
inflammation associated with indwelling jugular catheters
jugular thrombophlebitis
109
contagious disease of horses, donkeys, and mules caused by infection with Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei
Glanders Disease (Farcy)
110
