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ZZ3 Systemic Pathology > Pathology of Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Pathology of Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Note: There are added information from the original textbook. (Pathologic basis of Veterinary Disease_6th Edition)

1
Q

Give the causes of congenital cardiovascular anomalies

A
  1. Failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts
  2. Failure of Normal Valvular Development
  3. Malpositioning of Great Vessels
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2
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus is inherited among what breeds of dog

A

Poodles, Collies, Pomeranians

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3
Q

ductus arteriosus must close by 3 weeks after birth and form a small ligament

A

ligamentum arteriosus

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4
Q

a right aorta instead of normal left arches over the origin of the right bronchus

A

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

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5
Q

Component Defects of Tetrad of Fallot

A
  1. Interventricular septal defect
  2. Transposition of the aorta
  3. Pulmonic stenosis
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
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6
Q

Eisenmenger’s Complex

A
  1. Interventricular septal defect
  2. Transposition of the aorta
  3. Right ventricular hypertrophy
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7
Q

Give the four anomalies resulting from failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts

A
  1. patent ductus arteriosus
  2. atrial septal defect
  3. ventricular septal defect
  4. tetrad of fallot
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8
Q

Anomalies due to failure of normal valvular development

A
  1. pulmonic stenosis
  2. subaortic stenosis
  3. endocardial cushion defects
  4. mitral and tricuspid malformation in cats
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9
Q

Malpositioning of Great Vessels

A
  1. Persistent right aortic arch
  2. transposition of aorta and pulmonary artery
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10
Q

In PDA, shunting occurs from left to right which results to a condition?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

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11
Q

Pathology of Ventricular septal defect

A
  1. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  2. Pulmonary hypertension and edema
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12
Q

blood squirting that produce valvular incompentence

A

jet lesions

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13
Q

aortic and subaortic are frequent in what domestic animals

A

dogs and danish pigs

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14
Q

occur at the valve site with or without supra or subvalvular constriction

A

pulmonary stenosis

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15
Q

Pulmonary stenosis is most common in what breed of dogs

A
  1. bulldogs
  2. chihuahua
  3. terrier types
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16
Q

a complex whereby aorta is dextroposed; there is Ventricular Septal defect leading to right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Eisenmenger’s Complex

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17
Q

ectopia cordis is common what domesticated animals

A

cattle and pigs

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18
Q

Describe ectopia cordis

A

Presternally or intrabdominally located heart

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19
Q

Due to this condition, hematocysts on the margins of AV valves may be present in calves

A

congenital hematomas

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20
Q

the diffuse fibroelastic thickening of the left ventricular endocardium

A

Endocardial fibroelastosis

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21
Q

Congenital abnormalities that causes RCHF

A
  1. Pulmonic valve stenosis
  2. Tricuspid valve insufficiency
  3. Interventricular septal defect
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22
Q

Causes of RCHF

A
  1. Myocardial degeneration
  2. Myocarditis
  3. Cardiomyopathies
  4. Congenital abnormalities
  5. Cor pulmonale
  6. Hydropericardium
  7. Pericarditis
  8. Failure of left side of the heart
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23
Q

Principal manifestation of RCHF

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure in systemic and hepato-portal venous system
  2. Reduction of flow of blood from the lungs to the left ventricle
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24
Q

Causes of LCHF

A
  1. myocardial degeneration
  2. myocarditis
  3. cardiomyopathies
  4. congenital abnormalities
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25
Q

congenital abnormalities that can cause LCHF

A
  1. aortic valve constriction
  2. bicuspid valve insufficiency
  3. PDA
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26
Q

Principal manifestation of LCHF

A
  1. damming back of blood in the lungs leading to pulmonary hypertension
  2. Diminution of cardiac output
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27
Q

Mineralization of endocardium will occur with?

A

Vit. D toxicosis

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28
Q

important age-related cardiac disease of dogs

A

valvular endocardiosis

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29
Q

Other names for Valvular endocardiosis

A
  1. valvular fibrosis
  2. myxomatous or mucoid degeneration
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30
Q

most common cause of CHF in old dogs

A

Valvular endocardiosis

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31
Q

Parasite which cause endocarditis in horses

A

Strongylus vulgaris larvae

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32
Q

Ulcerative endocarditis is a distinctive lesion common affecting left atrium assoc. with this condition in dogs

A

acute renal insufficiency

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33
Q

In gross examinations, valves have large, adhering, friable, yellow to gray masses termed “vegetations” occluding valvular orrifices

A

Endocarditis

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34
Q

Chronic condition of Endocarditis

A

Irregular nodular masses termed “verrucae” (or wartlike lesions)

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35
Q

Give the two anatomic forms of myocardial hypertrophy

A
  1. Eccentric hypertrophy
  2. Concentric hypertrophy
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36
Q

Characterized with enlarged cardiac chambers with normal to decreased full thickness and produced by lesions with increased blood volume

A

Eccentric hypertrophy of myocardium

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37
Q

An anatomic form of myocardial hypertrophy that is characterized by small cardiac chambers with thick walls

A

Concentric hypertrophy

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38
Q

In concentric hypertrophy, the lesions results from increased pressure load. Give 3 examples

A
  1. Valvular stenosis
  2. Systemic hypertension
  3. Pulmonary disease
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39
Q

Three stages of myocardial hypertrophy

A

Initiation
Stable hyperfunction
Deterioration of function associated with the generation of hypertrophied muscle

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40
Q

In dogs, congenital subaortic stenosis will result to?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

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41
Q

Enumerate the four diseases resulting to right ventricular hypertrophy

A
  1. Dirofilariasis
  2. Congenital pulmonic stenosis in dogs
  3. Brisket disease (high altitude disease) in cattle
  4. Heaves or chronic alveolar emphysema in horses
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42
Q

This condition affects myocardial cells associated with obesity and abundant epicardial fat deposits

A

Fatty infiltration

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43
Q

It is the accumulation of abundant lipid droplets in the muscles sarcoplasm

A

Fatty degeneration or fatty change

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44
Q

Lipofuscinosis is a condition of the myocardium of aged animals that is associated with?

A

Cachexia

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45
Q

Fatty degeneration is hereditary lesion in what breed of cattle

A

Ayshire

46
Q

What is the term for progressive weakening of cardiac muscle

A

Cardiomyopathy

47
Q

Characterized primary or idiopathic cardiomyopathy

A

Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive

48
Q

Characterized secondary cardiomyopathy or specific cardiac muscle diseases

A
  1. Heritable
  2. nutritional deficiencies
  3. toxic
  4. physical shock or injuries
  5. endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism, excess glucocorticoids, and diabetes mellitus
49
Q

Myocardial infarction is a result of thrombosis or embolism of what artery

A

coronary arteries

50
Q

Give the entities of myocardial infarction

A

Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, or periarteritis

51
Q

Enumerate the types of myocarditis

A
  1. Suppurative myocarditis
  2. Necrotizing myocarditis
  3. Hemorrhagic myocarditis
  4. lymphocytic myocarditis
  5. eosinophilic myocarditis
52
Q

A neoplastic disease which the cardiac nerve is involved in cattle

A

Schwannoma

53
Q

These are heart based tumors or aortic body tumor

A

Chemodectoma

54
Q

It is the accumulation of clear to light yellow, watery, serous fluid in the pericardial sac which become distended

A

Hydropericardium

55
Q

What are the conditions that hydropericardium are associated with or occurring at the same time? Give three examples

A
  1. Generalized edema
  2. Hydrothorax and ascites
56
Q

In pigs, hydropericardium may occur with these two conditions

A

Mulberry heart disease and septicemia

57
Q

It is the accumulation of whole blood in the pericardial sac

A

Hemopericardium

58
Q

Rapid onset of hydropericardium may lead to

A

Cardiac tamponade or compression

59
Q

It is an inflammatory lesions of the pericardium which is the most common and often hematogenous, characterized as the bread and butter heart

A

Fibrinous pericarditis

60
Q

Etiologies of fibrinous pericarditis in cattle

A

Pasteurellosis, blackleg, coliform septicemia

61
Q

It is a lesion of pericardium which is common in cattle due to traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Suppurative pericarditis

62
Q

It is the extensive fibrous proliferation and formation of fibrous adhesions across the pericardial space

A

Constructive pericarditis

63
Q

Can cause fibrinous pericarditis in pigs

A

Glasser’s disease and streptococcal disease

64
Q

May cause fibrinous pericarditis in birds

A

Psittacosis

65
Q

Vascular system is subdivided into four

A

Arterial, capillary, venous, and lymphatic

66
Q

Three types of arteries

A

Elastic, muscular, arterioles

67
Q

During postmortem examination the vascular system will turn white intimal surface red. What is this condition

A

Imbibition with hemoglobin

68
Q

Postmortem clots are found in?

A

Veins, large elastic arteries

69
Q

It is a localized dilatation or out pouching of a thinned and weakend portion of a blood vessel

A

Aneurysms

70
Q

Give the three types of aneurysms

A

Saccular
Fusiform
Dissecting

71
Q

These are the cause of aneurysms

A

Copper deficiency and Spirocera lupi infection

72
Q

A type of dissecting aneurysm which is seen in birds with and result from intimal disruption

A

Dissecting aneurysm

73
Q

Describe arterial hypertrophy

A

It results from sustained increase in pressure or volume overload that generally affects muscular arteries

74
Q

It is the hardening of the arteries and is age related frequent in animal species

A

Arteriosclerosis

75
Q

Characterize arteriosclerosis

A

It is a hyperplasia of medial tunics and fibrous tissue infiltration in the intima

76
Q

It is the accumulation of extensive deposits of lipid, fibrous tissue, and calcium in vessel walls

A

Atherosclerosis

77
Q

Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease with great importance in humans and observed in what domestic animals

A

Aged swine, birds, and dogs with hypothyroidism

78
Q

These are clots and foreign bodies that lodge vessel walls that cause significant lesions

A

Thrombosis and embolism

79
Q

Inflammation of blood vessels

A

Vasculitis

80
Q

This is a neoplastic lesion of the blood that is common in canine skin

A

Hemangiopericytoma

81
Q

A rare benign neoplasm of lymph channels

A

Lymphangioma

82
Q

Localized venous dilatation of a weakend vascular walls

A

Varicosity

83
Q

Phlebectasia

A

Generalized venous dilatation

84
Q

It is a lymph vessel disease in which the affected animal have prominent subcutaneous edema and is due to lymph drainage interference

A

Hereditary lymphedema

85
Q

An inflammatory disease known as Navel ill

A

Omphalophlebitis

86
Q

Associated pathology of LCHF is pulmonary hypertension, which may result to (4)

A
  1. alveolar edema
  2. interstitial edema
  3. hemosiderosis of the lungs
  4. right sided heart failure due to back pressure
87
Q

LCHF cause coughing and dyspnea due to?

A
  1. hypoxic stimulation of carotid sinus and medullary respiration
  2. irritation of respiratory mucosa by edema fluid
88
Q

Endocardial fibrosis possible causes

A

Vit D toxicosis and carcinogenic plants containing VIT. D analogs

89
Q

plants which may cause endocardial fibrosis

A
  1. Cestrum diurnum
  2. Tristetum flavescens
  3. Solanum torvum
90
Q

What are the bacteria inflicting endocarditis?

A
  1. Actinomyces pyogenes
  2. Streptococcus spp.
  3. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
91
Q

Major difference in terms of etiology of eccentric and concentric myocardial hypertrophy?

A

Eccentric is due to lesions resulting in increased blood volume, while concentric is a result of increased load pressure.

92
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy lesion (2)

A
  1. valvular insufficiency
  2. septal defects
93
Q

arterial hypertrophy generally affects?

A

muscular arteries

94
Q

a condition of arterial disease that results from sustained increase in pressure or volume overload

A

arterial hypertrophy

95
Q

lymphangitis is the inflammation of lymph vessels that are often located in?

A

vessels of distal limbs

96
Q

a rare benign neoplasm of lymph channels

A

lymphangioma

97
Q

clinical syndrome that occurs secondary to severe, overwhelming cardiac disease

A

heart failure

98
Q

Irregular bands or ridge of fibrous tissue stretch across the subaortic endocardium

A

Aortic and subaortic stenosis

99
Q

*a cardiac anomaly frequently observed in pigs and dogs

A

subaortic stenosis

100
Q

*most common congenital cardiac anomaly of large-breed dogs

A

subvalvular aortic stenosis

101
Q

*most common congenital cardiac anomaly seen in cats

A

endocardial cushion defects

102
Q

*Tricuspid valve dysplasia has a genetic
basis which it is an autosomal dominant trait in what breed of dogs?

A

Labrador retriever

103
Q

*result from defective separation of the developing liver and septum transversum during embryogenesis that allows the
peritoneal and pericardial cavities to communicate

A

Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias

104
Q

*this condition is shown to have the normal flow from the portal vein diverted, either partially or completely, to the systemic circulation, thus bypassing the liver

A

portacaval shunts

105
Q

*PDA is an inherited polygenic trait in what breed of dogs, where females have greater incidence?

A

poodles

106
Q

*most common feline primary myocardial disease

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

107
Q

inflammation of the umbilical vein that often occurs in neonatal farm animals because of bacterial contamination of the umbilicus immediately after parturition

A

omphalophlebitis or navel ill

108
Q

inflammation associated with indwelling jugular catheters

A

jugular thrombophlebitis

109
Q

contagious disease of horses, donkeys, and mules caused by infection with Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei

A

Glanders Disease (Farcy)

110
Q
A

ZZ3 Systemic Pathology (16 decks)

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