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ZZ3 Systemic Pathology > Pathology of Nervous System > Flashcards

Pathology of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

found when neurons are present as supportive cells and help maintain the neurons

A

astrocytes

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2
Q

makes the myelin which the neurons need in order to shield its axons

A

oligodendroglia or schwann cells

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3
Q

known to be the macrophages of the NS present for phagocytoses of anything that comes to the nervous system that shouldn’t be there

A

microglia

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4
Q

made by choroid plexus as it circulates within the ventricles up and over the brain, within the meninges

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

outermost layer CT of the brain which is more fibrous

A

dura meter

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6
Q

the CT layers of the brain that are vascular and fibrous tissues that help supply blood and cushion for the brain

A

Meninges

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7
Q

these are the 2 inner layers of the brain that are very thin and vascular

A

pia, arachnoid layers

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8
Q

how many minutes will it take for a neuron to die if it deprived of blood supply

A

6-8 minutes

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9
Q

necrosis of the brain appearing as a big soft spot within the brain

A

malacia

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10
Q

Areas of malacia never recover, and even if the insult is removed the brain will not regenerate.

True or False?

A

True.

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11
Q

functions in balance and locomotor activity

A

cerebellum

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12
Q

connection point between cerebrum and brainstem and processes many impulses

A

thalamus

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13
Q

responsible for consciousness or thinking and many motor and sensory functions

A

cerebrum

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14
Q

keeps the basic physiology of the body working such as heartbeat and respiration

A

brainstem

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14
Q

If brain swelling occurs, what is likely to happen next?

A

It will enlarge and press against the cranium, pressure then causes a decrease in blood flow. Therefore, hypoxia is likely to happen next.

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15
Q

Etiologies of brain edema

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Space occupying mass like tumor or hematoma
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Hydrocephalus
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16
Q

A dangerous sequela of pulmonary edema due to pressure pushing cerebellum out of the foramen magnum.

A

coning of the cerebellum - may lead to compression of brainstem and compromise the cardiovascular centers

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17
Q

Where are the most sensitive areas to hypoxia located?

A

neurons of cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Common place to bleed in the brain

A

below the dura - LEPTOMENINGES

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19
Q

lesions of brain compression in the leptomeninges are called

A

subdural hematomas

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20
Q

common cause of brain problems in humans

A

stroke

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21
Q

Stroke does not occur in animals because …..

A

they do no get atherosclerosis

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22
Q

what is the common cause of death in any kind of head trauma

A

subdural hematomas

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23
Q

most bacterial infections of nervous system

A

meningitis

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24
Q

most common route of infection into the animals

A

open umbilicus - > occurs septicemia - > bacteria settles in MENINGES

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25
Q

Other ways bacteria can reach brain aside from open umbilicus

A
  1. extension from otitis
  2. traveling up the cranial nerves from the oral cavity, like Listeria bacteria
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26
Q

True or False.

All bacteria that cause brain problems are specific brain infections, which means, these bacteria are specifically looking for the brain to damage it.

A

FALSE. Most of the bacteria are not like what is described. Only LISTERIA.

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27
Q

Rabies will cause these animals to be “dumb”, which becomes slow and almost stuporous

A

Ruminants and horses

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28
Q

rabies will cause these animals to become furious

A

dogs, wildlife

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29
Q

the most effective diagnosis of rabies

A

fluorescent antibody testing (FAT)

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30
Q

most common fungal infection among domestic animals

A

aspergillus

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31
Q

common parasitic infection among all mammalian species esp cats are definitive host, which live quietly in animal tissues but can cause cysts in the brains

A

Toxoplasma

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32
Q

a dog tapeworm that can cause serious problems in sheep and humans

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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33
Q

Most sensitive to thiamin deficiency

A

ruminants

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34
Q

this is a lesion observed in animals who died due to thiamin deficiency in which the neurons of the cerebral cortex died

A

polioencephalomalacia

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35
Q

Animals, esp cattle, who have access to batteries and fuel can develop this poisoning that damages neurons and ASTROCYTES

A

Lead poisoning

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36
Q

pregnant sheep need this mineral otherwise it may give birth to lambs with severe incoordination

A

copper

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37
Q

Lack of sufficient copper during gestation will cause inadequate development of ……

A

white matter (axons and myelin)

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38
Q

A growing goat kids and lamb who don’t receive enough copper in the diet will develop damage to white matter, and exhibit signs of …..

A

ataxia

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39
Q

Occurs when the liver fails to function adequately allowing excess ammonia in the circulation and leads to ASTROCYTES degeneration

A

hepatic encephalopathy

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40
Q

these bacteria cause paralysis by preventing release of acetylcholine from the end of the axon onto the motor endplate

A

Clostridium botulinum

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41
Q

C. botulinum commonly affects WATERFOWL. It causes ______, and the birds are called?

A

Flaccid paralysis; limber neck

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42
Q

means abnormal seam, results from defective interaction of neuroepithelium with adjacent notochordal and mesenchymal cells during closure of the neural tube

A

dysraphia

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42
Q

absence of the brain is best designated as prosencephalic hypoplasia because ….

A

In many instances, the cerebral hemisphere is the only absent, or rudimentary, or brainstem is preserved.

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43
Q

characterized by dorsal midline cranial defect through which meningeal and brain tissue can protude

A

cranium bifidum

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44
Q

abnormal dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord leading to formation of cavity which CSF may accumulate

A

congenital hydromyelia

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45
Q

developmental anomalies that result in part of or the entire cerebrum having smooth surfaces lacking normal gyri and sulci

A

Lissencephaly

  1. agyria (absence of gyri)
  2. pachygyria (large, broad gyri)
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46
Q

what is the most common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in animals

A

parvoviruses

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47
Q

most common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens

A

panleukopenia and pestiviruses

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48
Q

common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in cattle

A

bovine viral diarrhea

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49
Q

common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in swine

A

swine fever virus

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50
Q

disorder in which a cavity forms in the spinal cord

A

syringomyelia

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51
Q

a cavity formed by syringomyelia in which it is not lined by ependyma and is separate from the central canal

A

syrinx

52
Q

most common congenital CNS abnormality identified in domestic animals

A

hydrocephalus

53
Q

clustering of satellite cells around dying neuron

A

satellitosis

54
Q

small collection of microglia

A

glial nodule

55
Q

increase in number of astrocytes in response to nerve cell injury

A

astrocytosis

56
Q

microglia engulf axonal fragments and myelin sheaths converting myelin to neutral fat

A

gitter cells

57
Q

a rounding of the cells, displacement of the nucleus and fading of Nissl granules

A

Nissl’s degeneration

58
Q

Demyelination of nerve fibers results from

A
  1. mechanical pressure
  2. thiamine and vitamin B complex deficiency
59
Q

results from a non fatal blow on the head

A

concussion

60
Q

it is the impact site location of lesion

A

coup contusion

61
Q

lesions are often on the opposite side of the blow on the head

A

contrecoup

62
Q

malacia; encephalomalacia

A

Necrosis of CNS and necrosis in brain

63
Q

poliomalacia; leukomalacia

A

Gray matter is affected and white matter is affected

64
Q

most frequent cause of purulent inflammations in brains of farm animals

A

listeriosis

65
Q

astrocytes with long, thin processes

A

fibrous astrocytes

66
Q

astrocytes with shorter, wider, and usually more highly branched processes

A

protoplasmic astrocytes

67
Q

source of myelin in peripheral nerves

A

Oligodendroglial cells

68
Q

it has a nucleus with large nucleolus surrounded by a relatively abundant amount of cytoplasm which projects one or more dendrites and a single axon

A

Neuron

69
Q

pathological process whereby myelin sheath is removed from an axon in the CNS or PNS leaving the axon more or less intact

A

Primary demyelination

70
Q

Causes of Primary demyelination

A
  1. immunological attack specifically at the myelin sheath
  2. virus infection damaging the myelin-producing cells
71
Q

removal of myelin that occurs automatically once a myelinated axon degenerates and dies

A

Secondary demyelination

72
Q

lipid-laden macrophages or microglial cells with fatty myelin debris

A

gitter cells

73
Q

process of degeneration of nerve fibers in CNS and PNS following detachment of axons, or following death of the entire neuron

A

wallerian degeneration

74
Q

Is wallerian degeneration primary or secondary?

A

Secondary demyelination

75
Q

cuboidal or columnar cells lining the ventricles, choroid plexus, and spinal canal

A

ependymal cells

76
Q

space or zone that surrounds blood vessels within the central nervous parenchyma

A

Virchow-Robin (V-R) space

77
Q

accumulation of lymphocytes in V-R space in infectious inflammations

A

Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrations “Cuffing”

78
Q

frequent cause of death of nerve cells in a limited area which results from interference of blood supply

A

anoxia

79
Q

Characteristics of necrosis of neurons due to acute injury

A
  1. cellular swelling
  2. dendritic process tend to disappear
  3. Nissl granules degranulate
  4. nucleus swell, nucleolus enlarge
  5. neuron shrinks into an angular or recognizable form
  6. axon swells and losses Nissl substance
80
Q

a circulatory lesion which indicates cut ends of congested capillaries

A

pinpoint spots hemorrhage

81
Q

it is a circulatory lesion frequent in numerous acute infections and toxemia that injures capillaries

A

petechial size hemorrhage

82
Q

It is caused by severe head blows resulting to skull fracture and hemorrhage into the space between dura and bone

A

epidural hemorrhage

83
Q

it is the rupture of veins which mixes blood with cerebrospinal fluid

A

subdural hemorrhage

84
Q

In humans, massive hemorrhage is frequent complication of?

A

arteriosclerotic and hypertensive disease

85
Q

sudden consciousness following cerebral hemorrhage in humans

A

apoplexy

86
Q

Gross morphology of edema in the brain

A
  1. swollen and flattened gyri
  2. sulci partly obliterated
  3. cut surface is moist and shiny
  4. softened parenchyma
87
Q

due to pressure of extensive hemorrhage, tumors, abscesses or edema

A

diffuse compression

88
Q

occurs as the result of infection by pyogenic microorganisms

A

purulent inflammation

89
Q

What is the primary lesion in most types of encephalitis?

A

necrosis of neurons

90
Q

Toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis will also result to ____ once they involve the brain.

A

Lymphocytic infiltrations

91
Q

Lymphocytic infiltration is an indication of?

A
  1. infectious disease
  2. viral disease
92
Q

Causes of anomalies to the NS

A
  1. hereditary
  2. nutritional deficiency
  3. in-utero viral infection
93
Q

agenesis of most of the brain associated with failure of closure of the skull

A

anencephaly

94
Q

abnormally small brain

A

microencephaly

95
Q

failure of cranial fusion

A

cranioschisis

96
Q

herniation of the meninges

A

meningocele

97
Q

herniation of brain and meninges

A

meningoencephalocele

98
Q

failure of closure of vertebral arches

A

spina bifida

99
Q

dilation of central spinal canal

A

hydromyelia

100
Q

common in weimaraner dogs characterized by cavitation of spinal cord

A

syringomyelia

101
Q

cystic cavities within the brain

A

porencephaly

102
Q

results from the destruction of most cerebral hemispheres, leaving a thin-walled membranous sac composed of meninges and a thin rim of cortex lacking ependymal lining

A

hydraencephaly

103
Q

slow accumulation of CSF in the lateral and other ventricles

A

hydrocephalus

104
Q

demyelination; dysmyelination

A

There is destruction of myelin and there is defect in the myelin formation.

105
Q

Common viral infections in dogs and other canidae

A
  1. distemper
  2. rabies
  3. infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus)
106
Q

Viruses which cause neurological disease in cats

A
  1. rabies
  2. feline leukemia virus
  3. feline infectious peritonitis
107
Q

Necrosis of neurons in brain is known as

A

encephalomalacia

108
Q

necrosis of neurons in spinal cord is termed as

A

myelomalacia

109
Q

If necrosis occurs in gray matter it is known as

A

polioencephalomalacia

110
Q

necrosis of neurons in white matter is called as

A

leukoencephalomalacia

111
Q

types of scavenger cells in nervous system

A
  1. microglia
  2. oligodendroglia
  3. astrocytes
112
Q

Microglial cells surround the necrotic neurons and are known as _____ and the process is called as ______

A

satellite cells; satellitosis

113
Q

As the neuron dies, it is engulfed by microglial cell and this process is termed as

A

neuronophagia

114
Q

necrosis of nerve fibers starts from myelin sheath and this change is called as

A

demyelination or wallerian degeneration

115
Q

term used for inflammation of both meninges and brain

A

meningoencephalitis

116
Q

Inflammation of duramater is known as

A

pachymeningitis

117
Q

inflammation of piameter

A

leptomeningitis

118
Q

Hydrocephalus occurs in neonatal calves due to influenza and parainfluenza virus and is termed as

A

congenital hydrocephalus

119
Q

Nutritional deficiency leading to hydrocephalus

A
  1. Vitamin A
  2. Folic acid
  3. Vit. B12
  4. Niacin
  5. Zinc
120
Q

failure of cranium to fuse which results in hernia of meninges

A

cranioschisis

121
Q

Hernia of meninges and brain is known as

A

meningoencephalocele

122
Q

inflammation of brain characterized by purulent/ lymphocytic or proliferative changes

A

encephalitis

123
Q

main cause of encephalitis

A

Listeria monocytogenes (L. ivanovii)

124
Q

necrosis of nervous tissue in brain characterized by loss of normal architecture and soft friable liquified mass

A

encephalomalacia

125
Q

characterized by the presence of vacuoles in grey and/or white matter

A

spongiform encephalopathy

126
Q

etiology of spongiform encephalopathy

A
  1. Prion proteins
  2. Scrapie in sheep
  3. BSE in cattle
127
Q

inflammation of nerves along with degenerative changes characterized by edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells

A

neuritis

128
Q
A

ZZ3 Systemic Pathology (16 decks)

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