Pathology of Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
found when neurons are present as supportive cells and help maintain the neurons
A
astrocytes
2
Q
makes the myelin which the neurons need in order to shield its axons
A
oligodendroglia or schwann cells
3
Q
known to be the macrophages of the NS present for phagocytoses of anything that comes to the nervous system that shouldn’t be there
A
microglia
4
Q
made by choroid plexus as it circulates within the ventricles up and over the brain, within the meninges
A
Cerebrospinal fluid
5
Q
outermost layer CT of the brain which is more fibrous
A
dura meter
6
Q
the CT layers of the brain that are vascular and fibrous tissues that help supply blood and cushion for the brain
A
Meninges
7
Q
these are the 2 inner layers of the brain that are very thin and vascular
A
pia, arachnoid layers
8
Q
how many minutes will it take for a neuron to die if it deprived of blood supply
A
6-8 minutes
9
Q
necrosis of the brain appearing as a big soft spot within the brain
A
malacia
10
Q
Areas of malacia never recover, and even if the insult is removed the brain will not regenerate.
True or False?
A
True.
11
Q
functions in balance and locomotor activity
A
cerebellum
12
Q
connection point between cerebrum and brainstem and processes many impulses
A
thalamus
13
Q
responsible for consciousness or thinking and many motor and sensory functions
A
cerebrum
14
Q
keeps the basic physiology of the body working such as heartbeat and respiration
A
brainstem
14
Q
If brain swelling occurs, what is likely to happen next?
A
It will enlarge and press against the cranium, pressure then causes a decrease in blood flow. Therefore, hypoxia is likely to happen next.
15
Q
Etiologies of brain edema
A
- Inflammation
- Space occupying mass like tumor or hematoma
- Hypoxia
- Hydrocephalus
16
Q
A dangerous sequela of pulmonary edema due to pressure pushing cerebellum out of the foramen magnum.
A
coning of the cerebellum - may lead to compression of brainstem and compromise the cardiovascular centers
17
Q
Where are the most sensitive areas to hypoxia located?
A
neurons of cerebral cortex
18
Q
Common place to bleed in the brain
A
below the dura - LEPTOMENINGES
19
Q
lesions of brain compression in the leptomeninges are called
A
subdural hematomas
20
Q
common cause of brain problems in humans
A
stroke
21
Q
Stroke does not occur in animals because …..
A
they do no get atherosclerosis
22
Q
what is the common cause of death in any kind of head trauma
A
subdural hematomas
23
Q
most bacterial infections of nervous system
A
meningitis
24
most common route of infection into the animals
open umbilicus - > occurs septicemia - > bacteria settles in MENINGES
25
Other ways bacteria can reach brain aside from open umbilicus
1. extension from otitis
2. traveling up the cranial nerves from the oral cavity, like Listeria bacteria
26
True or False.
All bacteria that cause brain problems are specific brain infections, which means, these bacteria are specifically looking for the brain to damage it.
FALSE. Most of the bacteria are not like what is described. Only LISTERIA.
27
Rabies will cause these animals to be "dumb", which becomes slow and almost stuporous
Ruminants and horses
28
rabies will cause these animals to become furious
dogs, wildlife
29
the most effective diagnosis of rabies
fluorescent antibody testing (FAT)
30
most common fungal infection among domestic animals
aspergillus
31
common parasitic infection among all mammalian species esp cats are definitive host, which live quietly in animal tissues but can cause cysts in the brains
Toxoplasma
32
a dog tapeworm that can cause serious problems in sheep and humans
Echinococcus granulosus
33
Most sensitive to thiamin deficiency
ruminants
34
this is a lesion observed in animals who died due to thiamin deficiency in which the neurons of the cerebral cortex died
polioencephalomalacia
35
Animals, esp cattle, who have access to batteries and fuel can develop this poisoning that damages neurons and ASTROCYTES
Lead poisoning
36
pregnant sheep need this mineral otherwise it may give birth to lambs with severe incoordination
copper
37
Lack of sufficient copper during gestation will cause inadequate development of ......
white matter (axons and myelin)
38
A growing goat kids and lamb who don't receive enough copper in the diet will develop damage to white matter, and exhibit signs of .....
ataxia
39
Occurs when the liver fails to function adequately allowing excess ammonia in the circulation and leads to ASTROCYTES degeneration
hepatic encephalopathy
40
these bacteria cause paralysis by preventing release of acetylcholine from the end of the axon onto the motor endplate
Clostridium botulinum
41
C. botulinum commonly affects WATERFOWL. It causes ______, and the birds are called?
Flaccid paralysis; limber neck
42
means abnormal seam, results from defective interaction of neuroepithelium with adjacent notochordal and mesenchymal cells during closure of the neural tube
dysraphia
42
absence of the brain is best designated as prosencephalic hypoplasia because ....
In many instances, the cerebral hemisphere is the only absent, or rudimentary, or brainstem is preserved.
43
characterized by dorsal midline cranial defect through which meningeal and brain tissue can protude
cranium bifidum
44
abnormal dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord leading to formation of cavity which CSF may accumulate
congenital hydromyelia
45
developmental anomalies that result in part of or the entire cerebrum having smooth surfaces lacking normal gyri and sulci
Lissencephaly
1. agyria (absence of gyri)
2. pachygyria (large, broad gyri)
46
what is the most common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in animals
parvoviruses
47
most common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens
panleukopenia and pestiviruses
48
common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in cattle
bovine viral diarrhea
49
common cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in swine
swine fever virus
50
disorder in which a cavity forms in the spinal cord
syringomyelia
51
a cavity formed by syringomyelia in which it is not lined by ependyma and is separate from the central canal
syrinx
52
most common congenital CNS abnormality identified in domestic animals
hydrocephalus
53
clustering of satellite cells around dying neuron
satellitosis
54
small collection of microglia
glial nodule
55
increase in number of astrocytes in response to nerve cell injury
astrocytosis
56
microglia engulf axonal fragments and myelin sheaths converting myelin to neutral fat
gitter cells
57
a rounding of the cells, displacement of the nucleus and fading of Nissl granules
Nissl's degeneration
58
Demyelination of nerve fibers results from
1. mechanical pressure
2. thiamine and vitamin B complex deficiency
59
results from a non fatal blow on the head
concussion
60
it is the impact site location of lesion
coup contusion
61
lesions are often on the opposite side of the blow on the head
contrecoup
62
malacia; encephalomalacia
Necrosis of CNS and necrosis in brain
63
poliomalacia; leukomalacia
Gray matter is affected and white matter is affected
64
most frequent cause of purulent inflammations in brains of farm animals
listeriosis
65
astrocytes with long, thin processes
fibrous astrocytes
66
astrocytes with shorter, wider, and usually more highly branched processes
protoplasmic astrocytes
67
source of myelin in peripheral nerves
Oligodendroglial cells
68
it has a nucleus with large nucleolus surrounded by a relatively abundant amount of cytoplasm which projects one or more dendrites and a single axon
Neuron
69
pathological process whereby myelin sheath is removed from an axon in the CNS or PNS leaving the axon more or less intact
Primary demyelination
70
Causes of Primary demyelination
1. immunological attack specifically at the myelin sheath
2. virus infection damaging the myelin-producing cells
71
removal of myelin that occurs automatically once a myelinated axon degenerates and dies
Secondary demyelination
72
lipid-laden macrophages or microglial cells with fatty myelin debris
gitter cells
73
process of degeneration of nerve fibers in CNS and PNS following detachment of axons, or following death of the entire neuron
wallerian degeneration
74
Is wallerian degeneration primary or secondary?
Secondary demyelination
75
cuboidal or columnar cells lining the ventricles, choroid plexus, and spinal canal
ependymal cells
76
space or zone that surrounds blood vessels within the central nervous parenchyma
Virchow-Robin (V-R) space
77
accumulation of lymphocytes in V-R space in infectious inflammations
Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrations "Cuffing"
78
frequent cause of death of nerve cells in a limited area which results from interference of blood supply
anoxia
79
Characteristics of necrosis of neurons due to acute injury
1. cellular swelling
2. dendritic process tend to disappear
3. Nissl granules degranulate
4. nucleus swell, nucleolus enlarge
5. neuron shrinks into an angular or recognizable form
6. axon swells and losses Nissl substance
80
a circulatory lesion which indicates cut ends of congested capillaries
pinpoint spots hemorrhage
81
it is a circulatory lesion frequent in numerous acute infections and toxemia that injures capillaries
petechial size hemorrhage
82
It is caused by severe head blows resulting to skull fracture and hemorrhage into the space between dura and bone
epidural hemorrhage
83
it is the rupture of veins which mixes blood with cerebrospinal fluid
subdural hemorrhage
84
In humans, massive hemorrhage is frequent complication of?
arteriosclerotic and hypertensive disease
85
sudden consciousness following cerebral hemorrhage in humans
apoplexy
86
Gross morphology of edema in the brain
1. swollen and flattened gyri
2. sulci partly obliterated
3. cut surface is moist and shiny
4. softened parenchyma
87
due to pressure of extensive hemorrhage, tumors, abscesses or edema
diffuse compression
88
occurs as the result of infection by pyogenic microorganisms
purulent inflammation
89
What is the primary lesion in most types of encephalitis?
necrosis of neurons
90
Toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis will also result to ____ once they involve the brain.
Lymphocytic infiltrations
91
Lymphocytic infiltration is an indication of?
1. infectious disease
2. viral disease
92
Causes of anomalies to the NS
1. hereditary
2. nutritional deficiency
3. in-utero viral infection
93
agenesis of most of the brain associated with failure of closure of the skull
anencephaly
94
abnormally small brain
microencephaly
95
failure of cranial fusion
cranioschisis
96
herniation of the meninges
meningocele
97
herniation of brain and meninges
meningoencephalocele
98
failure of closure of vertebral arches
spina bifida
99
dilation of central spinal canal
hydromyelia
100
common in weimaraner dogs characterized by cavitation of spinal cord
syringomyelia
101
cystic cavities within the brain
porencephaly
102
results from the destruction of most cerebral hemispheres, leaving a thin-walled membranous sac composed of meninges and a thin rim of cortex lacking ependymal lining
hydraencephaly
103
slow accumulation of CSF in the lateral and other ventricles
hydrocephalus
104
demyelination; dysmyelination
There is destruction of myelin and there is defect in the myelin formation.
105
Common viral infections in dogs and other canidae
1. distemper
2. rabies
3. infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus)
106
Viruses which cause neurological disease in cats
1. rabies
2. feline leukemia virus
3. feline infectious peritonitis
107
Necrosis of neurons in brain is known as
encephalomalacia
108
necrosis of neurons in spinal cord is termed as
myelomalacia
109
If necrosis occurs in gray matter it is known as
polioencephalomalacia
110
necrosis of neurons in white matter is called as
leukoencephalomalacia
111
types of scavenger cells in nervous system
1. microglia
2. oligodendroglia
3. astrocytes
112
Microglial cells surround the necrotic neurons and are known as _____ and the process is called as ______
satellite cells; satellitosis
113
As the neuron dies, it is engulfed by microglial cell and this process is termed as
neuronophagia
114
necrosis of nerve fibers starts from myelin sheath and this change is called as
demyelination or wallerian degeneration
115
term used for inflammation of both meninges and brain
meningoencephalitis
116
Inflammation of duramater is known as
pachymeningitis
117
inflammation of piameter
leptomeningitis
118
Hydrocephalus occurs in neonatal calves due to influenza and parainfluenza virus and is termed as
congenital hydrocephalus
119
Nutritional deficiency leading to hydrocephalus
1. Vitamin A
2. Folic acid
3. Vit. B12
4. Niacin
5. Zinc
120
failure of cranium to fuse which results in hernia of meninges
cranioschisis
121
Hernia of meninges and brain is known as
meningoencephalocele
122
inflammation of brain characterized by purulent/ lymphocytic or proliferative changes
encephalitis
123
main cause of encephalitis
Listeria monocytogenes (L. ivanovii)
124
necrosis of nervous tissue in brain characterized by loss of normal architecture and soft friable liquified mass
encephalomalacia
125
characterized by the presence of vacuoles in grey and/or white matter
spongiform encephalopathy
126
etiology of spongiform encephalopathy
1. Prion proteins
2. Scrapie in sheep
3. BSE in cattle
127
inflammation of nerves along with degenerative changes characterized by edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells
neuritis
128
