Pathology of Lung Infections

Question 1

what is the main cell that drives response to bacteria in pneumonia?

Answer 1

neutrophils

Question 2

what is the main cell that drives response to virus in pneumonia?

Answer 2

lymphocytes

Question 3

what is the main process that drives response to mycobacteria and fungi in pneumonia?

Answer 3

granulomatous formation

Question 4

what are the two divisions of bacterial pneumonia as seen in lungs grossly?

Answer 4

bronchopneumonia and lobar

Question 5

how does bronchopneumonia look grossly?

Answer 5

patchy spots of consolidation

Question 6

how does lobar pneumonia look grossly?

Answer 6

total consolidation of a lung lobe

Question 7

what bacteria normally causes lobar pneumonia?

Answer 7

strep pneumo

Question 8

what is the name of the lung stage that occurs prior to total consolidation in lobar pneumonia?

Answer 8

red hepatization

Question 9

when does red hepatization occur?

Answer 9

in the first 3-4 days of infection with a strep pneumo usually

Question 10

what causes the red hepatization?

Answer 10

intra alveolar accumulation of neutrophils and erythrocytes

Question 11

following red hepatization in lobar pneumonia, what occurs? what days is this?

Answer 11

gray hepatization

5-7 days after infection

Question 12

what does gray hepatization consist of?

Answer 12

serum and fibrinous exudate, macrophages

Question 13

what are three common patient conditions that can lead to anaerobic pneumonia

Answer 13

anesthesia
alcoholism
seizures

Question 14

what is the telling characteristic of anaerobic pneumonia? what causes this?

Answer 14

foul smelling sputum

this develops because anaerobic pneumonia often has necrosis of cells

Question 15

what do actinomyces and nocardia form in pneumonia

Answer 15

abscesses

Question 16

how do abscesses formed by nocardia and actinomyces appear of chest X ray?

Answer 16

they look like nodules

Question 17

how is mycoplasma pneumonia transmitted?

Answer 17

through airborn droplets

Question 18

where does pneumonia from mycoplasma appear in the lungs?

Answer 18

it is considered a tracheo-bronchitis and leads to inflammation in the wall and lumen of the bronchioles

Question 19

what is the inflammatory response to mycobacterium TB?

Answer 19

granulomatous

Question 20

in the primary infection of TB…what forms in the lung?

Answer 20

a node of infection and infected lympho nodes (specifically hilar/mediastinum)

Question 21

what is the primary infection of TB called once it has formed the node of infection and lymph node inflammation?

Answer 21

Ghon complex

Question 22

what type of pneumonia is the Ghon complex associated with?

Answer 22

TB

Question 23

with secondary infection of TB…how does it look grossly?

Answer 23

you get lots of granulomas forming…spotty formation mainly in the upper lobes of the lungs

Question 24

what is miliary TB? does this come from primary or secondary TB?

Answer 24

when you get granulomas in all kinds of organs…from secondary

Question 25

name the four complication of secondary TB?

Answer 25

Miliary TB
Hemoptysis
Broncho-pleural fistula
cavity

Question 26

what is the cavity from secondary TB associated with?

Answer 26

a future home for aspergilloma

Question 27

where is histoplasma geographically present?

Answer 27

mississippi and ohio river valleys

Question 28

where is coccidioides geographically present?

Answer 28

SW USA

Question 29

where is blastomyces geographically present?

Answer 29

Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri river valleys

Question 30

what animal carries histoplasma?

Answer 30

birds

Question 31

what animal carries cryptococcus?

Answer 31

pigeon

Question 32

what does histoplasma lead to in pneumonia in terms of immune response?

Answer 32

granuloma formation

Question 33

in terms of histological presentation, what other organism is histoplasma identical to?

Answer 33

TB…both lead to granulomas

Question 34

what is a mycetoma? what organism causes these in pneumonia?

Answer 34

fungus ball…aspergillus

Question 35

name the three pulmonary diseases aspergillosis can cause?

Answer 35

aspergilloma
invasive aspergillosis
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Question 36

what is invasive aspergillosis?

Answer 36

organism of aspergillus invade blood vessels and cause thrombosis, infarction

Question 37

what is allergic broncho pulmonary aspergillosis

Answer 37

an immune reaction to aspergillus that leads to high presence of IgE, eosinophilia in blood and serum

Question 38

how does PJP look histologically? what causes this?

Answer 38

fills alveolar spaces with organisms and proteinaceous fluid…alveoli are filled with pink frothy exudates

Question 39

what organism leads to pink frothy exudates in alveoli?

Answer 39

PJP

Question 40

what are the three Ms of herpes simplex virus pneumonia?

Answer 40

Multinucleation
Margination
Molding