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Respiratory Week 1 > Mycobacterium TB and Non TB Myco > Flashcards

Mycobacterium TB and Non TB Myco Flashcards

1
Q

is TB more likely to be diagnosed in a native US resident or a foreign born resident?

A

14 times more likely in a foreign born resident

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2
Q

what is the relationship between TB and HIV? what does this mean?

A

it is syndemic…HIV makes TB worse and TB makes HIV worse

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3
Q

why is it hard to diagnose TB in an individual with HIV?

A

diagnostic tests use T cells and HIV patients have limited T cells

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4
Q

name the four commonly used TB drugs

A

isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

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5
Q

in multi drug resistant TB, what two drugs are people resistant to?

A

rifampacin, isoniazid

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6
Q

what is DOTS?

A

directly observed treatment short course

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7
Q

what is the name of the TB vaccine?

A

bacillus calmette guerin (BCG)

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8
Q

what type of vaccine is the BCG vaccine?

A

live attenuated mycobacterium bovis

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9
Q

is the BCG vaccine given in the US? why?

A

no…mainly because of highly variable efficacy and its issue with the TB tests

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10
Q

mycobacterium is facultative intracellular, what does this mean?

A

it can live in or outside of cells

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11
Q

what cell does myco TB usually reside in?

A

macrophages but can also live in dendritic cells

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12
Q

since myco TB can be intracellular what arm of immunity do individuals rely on?

A

cell mediated T cell immunity

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13
Q

is mycobacterium acid fast or not? gram pos or neg?

A

it is acid fast…neither gram pos or neg

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14
Q

what is the peptidoglycan in myco TB linked to externally?

A

arabinogalactan

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15
Q

what is the unique feature on the outer surface of myco TB?

A

mycolic acids

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16
Q

does myco TB have LPS?

A

no the mycolic acids make up the outer membranes instead

17
Q

how is myco TB transmitted?

A

airborne and inhaled as aerosols

18
Q

what type of room should patients with TB be in?

A

negative pressure meaning air flowing into room and then outside

19
Q

what can make myco TB last so long?

A

it is able to survive in macrophages

20
Q

name two ways myco TB resists attacks from macrophages?

A

can resist the reactive oxygen and nitrogen

can block the maturation of phagosomes

21
Q

how does myco TB get from macro to macro in the body?

A

it grows a ton in a macrophage and causes it to lyse…releasing all the TB that can be picked up by other macros

22
Q

what is the important cytokine that the macro produces that can help fight TB?

A

IL-12

23
Q

why is IL-12 important for TB?

A

drives the Th1 response which is good at intracellular defense by further activating macrophages

24
Q

the Th1 cells that are activated by IL-12 in TB infection leads to the release of what cytokine? how does this cytokine help with myco TB control?

A

IFN-gamma will inhibit the further growth and activates the macrophages to kill the myco TB

25
Q

why does a granuloma form in myco TB?

A

to wall off the infection and keep it localized

26
Q

what causes the latency in myco TB?

A

the granulomas can contain a latent living myco TB that is replicating very slowly or not at all

27
Q

are the granulomas that are formed with myco TB homogenous?

A

NO..can be very different

28
Q

with a later stage granuloma in myco TB, what happens to the outside of the granuloma? what is the granuloma called now?

A

it is walled off by fibrin…called a tubercle

29
Q

how does a person become infectious with TB?

A

when their granulomas re activate and start to release the extracellular myco TB

30
Q

what happens when you have a reactive myco TB reaction?

A

the immune system puts on a powerful response and can cause lung damage and release of the bacteria from the granulomas to other locations

31
Q

what are the symptoms of active TB?

A

cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, weight loss, fever, night sweats

32
Q

are the symptoms of TB due to the bacteria or the inflammatory response?

A

the inflammatory response

33
Q

what two things make drug treatment so difficult in myco TB?

A

granulomas penetration is pretty difficult

myco TB is very slowly replicating

34
Q

name the other three acid fast mycobacterium

A

myco Bovis
myco Leprae
non TB myco

Respiratory Week 1 (18 decks)

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