Pathogenicity

Question 0

What is parasitism?

Answer 0

Invading organism benefits from host at expense of host

Question 1

What is symbiosis?

Answer 1

Living together

Question 2

When is commensalism?

Answer 2

Microbe benefits and host is unharmed

Question 3

What is mutualism?

Answer 3

Both host and microbe benefit

Question 4

What is a pathogen?

Answer 4

Organism or agent capable of causing disease

Question 5

What is disease?

Answer 5

Illness that alters body structures and functions

Question 6

What are symptoms?

Answer 6

Subjective changes in body function may not be obvious to an observer (pain malaise)

Question 7

What are signs?

Answer 7

Objective changes, observable, measurable (liesions, swelling, fever, paralysis)

Question 8

What is syndrome?

Answer 8

Specific group of symptoms and signs that always accompany a particular disease

Question 10

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 10

Disease easily spread from one host to another either directly or indirectly. (Chicken pox, measles, genital herpes, TB)

Question 11

What is a contagious disease?

Answer 11

A disease easily spread directly from one host to another (chicken pox, measles)

Question 12

What is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 12

not spread from one host to another, it is caused by microbes that normally inhabit the body and only occasionally produce disease, or by microbes that normally reside outside the body and produce disease only when introduced to the body (tetanus)

Question 13

Diseases can be classified according to four different types of incidences, what are they?

Answer 13

Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic

Question 14

What is a sporadic disease?

Answer 14

occurs only occasionally (typhoid fever)

Question 15

What is a Endemic disease?

Answer 15

constantly present in a population (cold) or native to a population

Question 16

What is epidemic?

Answer 16

many hosts in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period of time (AIDs, Influenza)

Question 17

What is pandemic?

Answer 17

epidemic disease that occurs in multiple parts of the world or a disease that effects the majority of the population of a large region

Question 18

What is Virulence?

Answer 18

degree of pathogenicity

Question 19

what is a vector?

Answer 19

intermediary hosts that carry the disease from one species to another (arthropods)

Question 20

what are fomites?

Answer 20

aka vehicle, inanimate objects that transmit disease

Question 21

what is a reservoir?

Answer 21

site where the infectious agent survives

Question 22

what is a biological vector?

Answer 22

like a insect bite.

Question 23

what is a mechanical vector?

Answer 23

something carried on the insect, not from the insect

Question 24

what are some types physical barriers must a pathogen over come?

Answer 24

skin, mucus membranes

Question 25

what are some ways pathogens enter?

Answer 25

wounds, ulcers, animal and insect bites

Question 26

what is an acute disease?

Answer 26

one that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time

Question 27

what is a chronic disease?

Answer 27

develops mroe slowly, body reactions may be less severe but disease is continued or recurrent for long periods

Question 28

What is a subacute disease?

Answer 28

between acute and chronic

Question 29

what are latent diseases?

Answer 29

causitive agent remains in the body but then becomes active to produce symptoms (shingles)

Question 30

what is an infection?

Answer 30

organism growing and multiplying inside host

Question 31

what is a primary infection?

Answer 31

acute infection, causes initial illness

Question 32

what is a secondary infection?

Answer 32

opportunistic pathogen, occurs after primary infection has weakened the body defenses

Question 33

what is a subclinical (inapparent) inefection?

Answer 33

does not cause any noticeable illness

Question 34

What is bacteremia?

Answer 34

bacteria present in the blood

Question 35

what is septicemia?

Answer 35

bacteria present in the blood causing inflammation throughout the body

Question 36

what is toxemia?

Answer 36

presence of the toxin in the blood

Question 37

what is viremia?

Answer 37

viruses in the blood

Question 38

what is intoxication?

Answer 38

disease that is caused by a toxin, rather than the organism itself

Question 39

what is a nosocomial disease?

Answer 39

aquired illness as a result of a hospital stay

Question 40

what is an intermediate host?

Answer 40

harbors a parasite for a short transition period

Question 41

what is a definitive host?

Answer 41

harbors a parasite while it matures and possibly reproduces

Question 42

what are risk factors?

Answer 42

any condition that can increase the chance of infection, could be factors of the infectious agent, environment, or host

Question 43

what is the incubation period?

Answer 43

interval of time between when the host first contacts the infectious agent and when clinical signs and or symptoms of the disease develop.

Question 44

What is an asymptomatic carrier?

Answer 44

infected individual showing no clinical signs of disease but potentially infectious to others

Question 45

what is morbidity?

Answer 45

refers to the incidence of ill health in a population

Question 46

what is mortality?

Answer 46

refers to the incidence of death or the number of death in a population

Question 47

what are four modes of transmission?

Answer 47

direct, indirect, horizontal, vertical transmission

Question 48

what is direct transmission?

Answer 48

through intimate contact w/ infected host (lepto)

Question 49

What is indirect transmission?

Answer 49

through an arthropod vector, fomite, or airborn pathogen

Question 50

what is horizontal transmission?

Answer 50

between members of species that are not parent/child relation (friends, strangers)

Question 51

What is vertical transmission?

Answer 51

from one generation to the next (mother/child infection passed during pregnancy)

Question 52

What are exotoxins?

Answer 52

proteins produced by an organism secreted into the environment

Question 53

what are two of the most toxic substances (exotoxins) known to man?

Answer 53

tetanus and botulism

Question 54

what are 3 types of exotoxins?

Answer 54

neurotoxins, enterotoxins, and cytotoxins

Question 55

how hot do tempuratures need to be to break down exotoxins?

Answer 55

60-80C

Question 56

What are antitoxins?

Answer 56

antibodies produced by the body in response to the antigenicity of the toxins

Question 57

what is a toxoid?

Answer 57

inactivated toxins that can be injected to create an immune response without causing the disease

Question 58

what are seven organisms capable of producing exotoxins?

Answer 58

``` Staphylococcus Aureus Clostridium tetani E.Coli Salmonella typhi Vibric Chlorae Clostridium botulinium bacillus anthracics ```

Question 59

What are Endotoxins?

Answer 59

lipid part of some G(-) organisms

Question 60

How hot does it need to be to take remove an endotoxin from tissue cultures?

Answer 60

250F for 30 min

Question 61

can endotoxins be dangerous?

Answer 61

at high doses

Question 62

between an Endotoxin and exotoxin which has no vaccine?

Answer 62

endotoxins

Question 63

what are the effects of endotoxins? (7)

Answer 63

low BP, Fever, shock, Blood Coagulation, Inflammation, Diarrhea, hard to remove.

Question 64

what are 3 other types of exotoxins?

Answer 64

Leukocydines, Hemolysis, Streptokinase

Question 65

What is leukocydines?

Answer 65

kills WBC, upsets wbc membrane and destroys it. it also decreases host resistance

Question 66

what is hemolysis?

Answer 66

aka streptolysins, caused be streptococcus pyogenes. breaks down cells, especially RBC

Question 67

what is streptokinase?

Answer 67

caused by streptococcus pyogenes, disolves blood clots and can cause internal hemorrhaging.

Question 68

when is streptokinase used?

Answer 68

after heart surgeries