Antimicrobials/antibiotics Flashcards
What is the definition of antimicrobial/antibiotic?
chemical agent used in the body for theraputic purposes
define antibiotic
greek for “against life”, antimicrobial agents that are natural products of microorganisms
define synthesis
lab made, not living
what did Paul Ehrlich find in 1904?
that certain dyes had microbial effects.
what does Trypan Red kill?
trypanosome that causes the african sleeping sickness
What is arsphenamine?
arsenic compound effective against syphilis
when was arsphenamine found?
1910
what did General Domagk discover in 1935?
the dye protonsil red was effective against staph, strep, and other G(+) organisms
what did Jacques and Therese Trefouel discover?
that pronotonsil red broke down to sulfanilamide in the body and became the first sulfa-drug
what us necessary for the synthess of nucleic acid?
folic acid
where do eukaryotes get their folic acid?
from environment and diet
what do sulfonamides do to bacteria?
it interferes with the folic acid sythesis by mimicking PABA and makes bad folic acid
what are bacteriostaticks still used for?
G(+), UTI G(-) rods, and TB
what is a downside to bacteriostaticks? 3
many resistant organisms, drug allergies, and it accumulates in the kidneys
what are bacteriostaticks often used in combonation with?
trimetathropin, effective against shigella and pseudamonas
when was penicillin discovered?
1896
what happened in 1928?
alexander flemming isolated it but thought it would break down rapidly in the body and dropped research in 1931
when did penicillin come to the US?
1931
what does penicillin do?
interferes with petidoglycan synthesis, cell wall leaks and cell dies.
what is penicillin super effective against?
G(+)
What is amexicillin? 4
semi-synthetic penicillin
acid stable
excreted in urine
doesn’t bind with food
where are cephelo sproins from?
derived from fungus cephalosporium acremonium
what is 1st generation cephalosporins effective against?
G(+), some G(-)) rods
what are 2nd generation cephalosporins effective against?
G (+) and G(-) rods
what are third generation cephalosporins effective against?
G(-) rods esp. pseudomonas, central nervous system diseases
what is streptomyosin?
aminoglycoside, is a broad spectrum bacteriocidal.
when was streptomyosin discovered?
in 1944
where does streptomyocin come from?
mold like bacterium called streptomyeces griseus
what stimulated the search for more antibiotics from microbes?
streptomyosin
what was the first effective anti TB drug?
streptomyocin
what does streptomyocin do?
interferes with prokaryotic protien synthesis
what is a downside to streptomyocin?
it is toxic, causs kidney damage, hearing loss and requires blood level monitoring.
what is gentamycin used against? 5
proteus, e. coli, klebsiella, serratia, pseudomonas
what is spectinomyocin used against? 3
neisseria, gonotthoeae, IM (?)
what is neomycin?
bacterial conjunctivitis if used in conjunction w/ polymyxin B and bacitrican
why have aminoglycoside usage gone down?
second and third generation cephalosporins
what are two natural tetracyclines?
chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline
what are two synthetic tetracyclines?
tetracycline and doxycycline
what is the drug of choice for most rickettsia and chlamydiae?
tetracycline
what are tetracyclines?
broad spectrum, bacteriostatic that interfere with protien synthesis
what are 4 downsides to tetracyclines?
can cause liver, kidney damage and perminent yellowing of perminent teeth. favors growth of antibiotic resistant organisms in the intestines
what are chloramphenicols?
bacteriostatic that disrupts protien synthesis and was the first broad spectrum antibiotic
what were chloramphenicolsoriginally made from?
streptomyces, but now made synthetically
what are 3 downsides to chloramphenicols?
can cause allergic reactions, depresses bone marrow function which can lead to aplastic anemia
when are chloremphenicals used?
only in life threatening circumstances such as typhoid fever or menigitis
whaat are fluorquinolones?
synthetic and bacteriocidal. they inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
when are fluroquinolones used? 6
for GI infections, STD, and Neisseria, chlamydiae, staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pyogenes
what was the first drug made for veterinary medicine?
baytril
what is erythromycin/
a macrolide produced from streptomyces. it is bacteriostatick
what is erythromycin mostly effective against?
G(+), some G(-), and mycobacteria
what are 5 things erythromycin is used for?
penicillin allergic people, whooping cough, diptheria, cambylo bacteria, legionare’s disease
what is clindamycin and lincomycin used for?
penicillin resistant cases and against staphylococcus, anaerobes, and chlamydiaw
what is a side effect of clindamycin and lincomycin?
clostridial overgrowth in intestones
why are fungi difficult to deal with?
because both fungi and host are eukaryotes
what are imidazoles used for?
localized skin infections
what are 5 antifungals?
miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, amphotericin, fluconazole
what are three topical imadozoles?
miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole.
what would you use for systemic fungal infections?
AMPHOTERICIN b, FLUCONAZOLE
what is nystatin?
topical, cream suppository used for yeast infections
what are four antiviral medications?
acyclovir, amantodine, aziclothymidine, interferons
what does amantadine do?
reduces influenza spread and blocks penetration and uncoating of viral particles
what does acyclovir do?
inhibits viral DNA polymerase
what is acyclovir mostly used against?
herpes, varicella zoster
what does aziclothymidine (AZT) do?
interferes with reverse transcriptidase which humans do not have
what is AZT used against?
retroviruses like HIV
what is a downside to AZT?
toxic side effects
what are interferons?
protiens produced by cells in response to a viral infection
what are interferons used against?
influenza, hepatitis, herpes, colds, genital warts
