Antimicrobials/antibiotics

Question 1

What is the definition of antimicrobial/antibiotic?

Answer 1

chemical agent used in the body for theraputic purposes

Question 2

define antibiotic

Answer 2

greek for “against life”, antimicrobial agents that are natural products of microorganisms

Question 3

define synthesis

Answer 3

lab made, not living

Question 4

what did Paul Ehrlich find in 1904?

Answer 4

that certain dyes had microbial effects.

Question 5

what does Trypan Red kill?

Answer 5

trypanosome that causes the african sleeping sickness

Question 6

What is arsphenamine?

Answer 6

arsenic compound effective against syphilis

Question 7

when was arsphenamine found?

Answer 7

1910

Question 8

what did General Domagk discover in 1935?

Answer 8

the dye protonsil red was effective against staph, strep, and other G(+) organisms

Question 9

what did Jacques and Therese Trefouel discover?

Answer 9

that pronotonsil red broke down to sulfanilamide in the body and became the first sulfa-drug

Question 10

what us necessary for the synthess of nucleic acid?

Answer 10

folic acid

Question 11

where do eukaryotes get their folic acid?

Answer 11

from environment and diet

Question 12

what do sulfonamides do to bacteria?

Answer 12

it interferes with the folic acid sythesis by mimicking PABA and makes bad folic acid

Question 13

what are bacteriostaticks still used for?

Answer 13

G(+), UTI G(-) rods, and TB

Question 14

what is a downside to bacteriostaticks? 3

Answer 14

many resistant organisms, drug allergies, and it accumulates in the kidneys

Question 15

what are bacteriostaticks often used in combonation with?

Answer 15

trimetathropin, effective against shigella and pseudamonas

Question 16

when was penicillin discovered?

Answer 16

1896

Question 17

what happened in 1928?

Answer 17

alexander flemming isolated it but thought it would break down rapidly in the body and dropped research in 1931

Question 18

when did penicillin come to the US?

Answer 18

1931

Question 19

what does penicillin do?

Answer 19

interferes with petidoglycan synthesis, cell wall leaks and cell dies.

Question 20

what is penicillin super effective against?

Answer 20

G(+)

Question 21

What is amexicillin? 4

Answer 21

semi-synthetic penicillin
acid stable
excreted in urine
doesn’t bind with food

Question 22

where are cephelo sproins from?

Answer 22

derived from fungus cephalosporium acremonium

Question 23

what is 1st generation cephalosporins effective against?

Answer 23

G(+), some G(-)) rods

Question 24

what are 2nd generation cephalosporins effective against?

Answer 24

G (+) and G(-) rods

Question 25

what are third generation cephalosporins effective against?

Answer 25

G(-) rods esp. pseudomonas, central nervous system diseases

Question 26

what is streptomyosin?

Answer 26

aminoglycoside, is a broad spectrum bacteriocidal.

Question 27

when was streptomyosin discovered?

Answer 27

in 1944

Question 28

where does streptomyocin come from?

Answer 28

mold like bacterium called streptomyeces griseus

Question 29

what stimulated the search for more antibiotics from microbes?

Answer 29

streptomyosin

Question 30

what was the first effective anti TB drug?

Answer 30

streptomyocin

Question 31

what does streptomyocin do?

Answer 31

interferes with prokaryotic protien synthesis

Question 32

what is a downside to streptomyocin?

Answer 32

it is toxic, causs kidney damage, hearing loss and requires blood level monitoring.

Question 33

what is gentamycin used against? 5

Answer 33

proteus, e. coli, klebsiella, serratia, pseudomonas

Question 34

what is spectinomyocin used against? 3

Answer 34

neisseria, gonotthoeae, IM (?)

Question 35

what is neomycin?

Answer 35

bacterial conjunctivitis if used in conjunction w/ polymyxin B and bacitrican

Question 36

why have aminoglycoside usage gone down?

Answer 36

second and third generation cephalosporins

Question 37

what are two natural tetracyclines?

Answer 37

chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline

Question 38

what are two synthetic tetracyclines?

Answer 38

tetracycline and doxycycline

Question 39

what is the drug of choice for most rickettsia and chlamydiae?

Answer 39

tetracycline

Question 40

what are tetracyclines?

Answer 40

broad spectrum, bacteriostatic that interfere with protien synthesis

Question 41

what are 4 downsides to tetracyclines?

Answer 41

can cause liver, kidney damage and perminent yellowing of perminent teeth. favors growth of antibiotic resistant organisms in the intestines

Question 42

what are chloramphenicols?

Answer 42

bacteriostatic that disrupts protien synthesis and was the first broad spectrum antibiotic

Question 43

what were chloramphenicolsoriginally made from?

Answer 43

streptomyces, but now made synthetically

Question 44

what are 3 downsides to chloramphenicols?

Answer 44

can cause allergic reactions, depresses bone marrow function which can lead to aplastic anemia

Question 45

when are chloremphenicals used?

Answer 45

only in life threatening circumstances such as typhoid fever or menigitis

Question 46

whaat are fluorquinolones?

Answer 46

synthetic and bacteriocidal. they inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

Question 47

when are fluroquinolones used? 6

Answer 47

for GI infections, STD, and Neisseria, chlamydiae, staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pyogenes

Question 48

what was the first drug made for veterinary medicine?

Answer 48

baytril

Question 49

what is erythromycin/

Answer 49

a macrolide produced from streptomyces. it is bacteriostatick

Question 50

what is erythromycin mostly effective against?

Answer 50

G(+), some G(-), and mycobacteria

Question 51

what are 5 things erythromycin is used for?

Answer 51

penicillin allergic people, whooping cough, diptheria, cambylo bacteria, legionare's disease

Question 52

what is clindamycin and lincomycin used for?

Answer 52

penicillin resistant cases and against staphylococcus, anaerobes, and chlamydiaw

Question 53

what is a side effect of clindamycin and lincomycin?

Answer 53

clostridial overgrowth in intestones

Question 54

why are fungi difficult to deal with?

Answer 54

because both fungi and host are eukaryotes

Question 55

what are imidazoles used for?

Answer 55

localized skin infections

Question 56

what are 5 antifungals?

Answer 56

miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, amphotericin, fluconazole

Question 57

what are three topical imadozoles?

Answer 57

miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole.

Question 58

what would you use for systemic fungal infections?

Answer 58

AMPHOTERICIN b, FLUCONAZOLE

Question 59

what is nystatin?

Answer 59

topical, cream suppository used for yeast infections

Question 60

what are four antiviral medications?

Answer 60

acyclovir, amantodine, aziclothymidine, interferons

Question 61

what does amantadine do?

Answer 61

reduces influenza spread and blocks penetration and uncoating of viral particles

Question 62

what does acyclovir do?

Answer 62

inhibits viral DNA polymerase

Question 63

what is acyclovir mostly used against?

Answer 63

herpes, varicella zoster

Question 64

what does aziclothymidine (AZT) do?

Answer 64

interferes with reverse transcriptidase which humans do not have

Question 65

what is AZT used against?

Answer 65

retroviruses like HIV

Question 66

what is a downside to AZT?

Answer 66

toxic side effects

Question 67

what are interferons?

Answer 67

protiens produced by cells in response to a viral infection

Question 68

what are interferons used against?

Answer 68

influenza, hepatitis, herpes, colds, genital warts