Microbe Cellular Anatomy Flashcards
What are the three shapes in microbes?
Coccus (cocci) round
Bacillus (bacilli) rods
Spiral/helical curved
What does ‘Strepto” mean?
a Chain
What does ‘Staphylo” mean?
Bunches
What does “diplo” mean?
pairs
What does “palisade” mean?
rods
What information does a gram stain provide?
Shape, Color, arrangement
In a gram stain what does blue and pink represent?
positive (b) negative (p)
What is the four step process of doing a gram stain?
Crystal Violet-30 seconds-rinse
Gram’s Iodine-30 seconds-rinse
Decolorizing Alcohol-10 dropsish-rinse
Pink counter stain-30 seconds-rinse
What is a mordant?
the locking mechanism
What makes up a prokaryotes cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer with mebedded protiens and is selectively permiable
What does a prokayrotes cell wall look like?
tough outter layer, mostly carbs with some protien, has peptidoglycan, and has a base layer of both G(-) and G(+) but different outter layers
What gram is penicillin more effective against?
G(+)
What does penicillin do to G(+)?
disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan which causes the cell wall to leak
What do some Gram (+) produce?
exotoxins which are the most toxic toxins to humans
What are three characteristics of Gram(+)?
Stains easily(hard to decolorize), more resistant to drying out, has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with teichoic acid
which gram can you see light through?
G(+)
What are 6 characteristics of G(-)?
- Thin peptidoglycan base layer
- Outter phospholipid membrane with no teichoic acid
- harder to stain (easier to decolorize)
- more susceptable to drying
- resistant to penicillan
- some pierces of the outter layer can be toxic to humans
What is an endo toxin?
Toxin is part of the organism
Which gram prefers a moist environment?
G(-)
What is the glycocalyx?
A gel like substance surrounding some organisms
What could you call a thick gel-like substance covering an organism?
a capsule
what would you call a thin gel like substance covering an organism?
a slime layer
What is the glycocalyx used for?
used for attachment to surfaces for resisting phagocytosis (such as plaque)
The presence of what can make an organism pathogenic?
glycocalyx
what are three characteristics of the glycocalyx?
Hard to stain, prevents dehydration, and has antigenicity
what is antigenicity?
causes antibody production by the host
What contains all the cells genetic material and enzymes for metabolism?
cytoplasm
what surrounds the cytoplasm?
cytoplasmic membrane
Where are the enzymes bound in a cell?
the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane
What are ribosomes for?
protein synthesis
how many ribosomes are there per prokaryotic cell?
50
What is plasmid?
small circular DNA strand that is separate from the main DNA strand and carries genes that change more frquently
What is the R factor?
Carried by the plasmid, which are genes for transferable drug resistance
What are flagella?
Hair like projections on the cell surface
what are flagella made of?
protien
What are flagella used for?
motility
How do flagella move?
they propel
Can flagella have antigens?
yes
What are two things bacteria are good at?
adaptability and adjustiblility
What are fimbrae?
simular to flagella but small and used for attachment, they can be antigenic
What is E. Coli with fimbrae compared to without?
pathogenic
What are pili?
longer, hollow fimbrae
what are pili used for?
DNA exchange
how many do each bacteria have?
1 or 2
What are clostridium?
obligate anearobs
What are endospores?
like inactive seeds that are very resistant and are released when vegetative cell dies
What bacteria usually produce endospores?
G(+) rods baccillus, clostridium
how long can endospores handle boiling?
1-2 hours
when do endospores form?
when the environment becomes unfavorable
do animals have cell walls?
no
what kind of cell walls do plants have?
cellulose cell walls
what kind of cell walls do fungi have?
chitin
What is the cytoskeleton?
The cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells that are not completely fluid buut have protien fibers
how many ribosomes are in eukaryotic cells?
200-1000
what are the flagella in eukaryotic cells?
same as prokaryote except larger with a whipe like motion and can be seen under a microscope
What to prokaryotes have that eukaryotes do not?
pili and fimbrae
what are cilia?
short flagella that useually have many that cover the cell membrane which are used like oars on a cell membrane
what are cilia used for?
in the trachea and lungs they help move things up and out
Does gram - or gram + have trichroic acid?
Gram +
In the kingdom bacteria, what do prokaryotes have that archaea lack?
Peptidoglycan
