Microbe Cellular Anatomy

Question 1

What are the three shapes in microbes?

Answer 1

Coccus (cocci) round
Bacillus (bacilli) rods
Spiral/helical curved

Question 2

What does ‘Strepto” mean?

Answer 2

a Chain

Question 3

What does ‘Staphylo” mean?

Answer 3

Bunches

Question 4

What does “diplo” mean?

Answer 4

pairs

Question 5

What does “palisade” mean?

Answer 5

rods

Question 6

What information does a gram stain provide?

Answer 6

Shape, Color, arrangement

Question 7

In a gram stain what does blue and pink represent?

Answer 7

positive (b) negative (p)

Question 8

What is the four step process of doing a gram stain?

Answer 8

Crystal Violet-30 seconds-rinse
Gram’s Iodine-30 seconds-rinse
Decolorizing Alcohol-10 dropsish-rinse
Pink counter stain-30 seconds-rinse

Question 9

What is a mordant?

Answer 9

the locking mechanism

Question 10

What makes up a prokaryotes cell membrane

Answer 10

Phospholipid bilayer with mebedded protiens and is selectively permiable

Question 11

What does a prokayrotes cell wall look like?

Answer 11

tough outter layer, mostly carbs with some protien, has peptidoglycan, and has a base layer of both G(-) and G(+) but different outter layers

Question 12

What gram is penicillin more effective against?

Answer 12

G(+)

Question 13

What does penicillin do to G(+)?

Answer 13

disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan which causes the cell wall to leak

Question 14

What do some Gram (+) produce?

Answer 14

exotoxins which are the most toxic toxins to humans

Question 15

What are three characteristics of Gram(+)?

Answer 15

Stains easily(hard to decolorize), more resistant to drying out, has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with teichoic acid

Question 16

which gram can you see light through?

Answer 16

G(+)

Question 17

What are 6 characteristics of G(-)?

Answer 17

1. Thin peptidoglycan base layer
2. Outter phospholipid membrane with no teichoic acid
3. harder to stain (easier to decolorize)
4. more susceptable to drying
5. resistant to penicillan
6. some pierces of the outter layer can be toxic to humans

Question 18

What is an endo toxin?

Answer 18

Toxin is part of the organism

Question 19

Which gram prefers a moist environment?

Answer 19

G(-)

Question 20

What is the glycocalyx?

Answer 20

A gel like substance surrounding some organisms

Question 21

What could you call a thick gel-like substance covering an organism?

Answer 21

a capsule

Question 22

what would you call a thin gel like substance covering an organism?

Answer 22

a slime layer

Question 23

What is the glycocalyx used for?

Answer 23

used for attachment to surfaces for resisting phagocytosis (such as plaque)

Question 24

The presence of what can make an organism pathogenic?

Answer 24

glycocalyx

Question 25

what are three characteristics of the glycocalyx?

Answer 25

Hard to stain, prevents dehydration, and has antigenicity

Question 26

what is antigenicity?

Answer 26

causes antibody production by the host

Question 27

What contains all the cells genetic material and enzymes for metabolism?

Answer 27

cytoplasm

Question 28

what surrounds the cytoplasm?

Answer 28

cytoplasmic membrane

Question 29

Where are the enzymes bound in a cell?

Answer 29

the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 30

What are ribosomes for?

Answer 30

protein synthesis

Question 31

how many ribosomes are there per prokaryotic cell?

Answer 31

50

Question 32

What is plasmid?

Answer 32

small circular DNA strand that is separate from the main DNA strand and carries genes that change more frquently

Question 33

What is the R factor?

Answer 33

Carried by the plasmid, which are genes for transferable drug resistance

Question 34

What are flagella?

Answer 34

Hair like projections on the cell surface

Question 35

what are flagella made of?

Answer 35

protien

Question 36

What are flagella used for?

Answer 36

motility

Question 37

How do flagella move?

Answer 37

they propel

Question 38

Can flagella have antigens?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

What are two things bacteria are good at?

Answer 39

adaptability and adjustiblility

Question 40

What are fimbrae?

Answer 40

simular to flagella but small and used for attachment, they can be antigenic

Question 41

What is E. Coli with fimbrae compared to without?

Answer 41

pathogenic

Question 42

What are pili?

Answer 42

longer, hollow fimbrae

Question 43

what are pili used for?

Answer 43

DNA exchange

Question 44

how many do each bacteria have?

Answer 44

1 or 2

Question 45

What are clostridium?

Answer 45

obligate anearobs

Question 46

What are endospores?

Answer 46

like inactive seeds that are very resistant and are released when vegetative cell dies

Question 47

What bacteria usually produce endospores?

Answer 47

G(+) rods baccillus, clostridium

Question 48

how long can endospores handle boiling?

Answer 48

1-2 hours

Question 49

when do endospores form?

Answer 49

when the environment becomes unfavorable

Question 50

do animals have cell walls?

Answer 50

no

Question 51

what kind of cell walls do plants have?

Answer 51

cellulose cell walls

Question 52

what kind of cell walls do fungi have?

Answer 52

chitin

Question 53

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 53

The cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells that are not completely fluid buut have protien fibers

Question 54

how many ribosomes are in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 54

200-1000

Question 55

what are the flagella in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 55

same as prokaryote except larger with a whipe like motion and can be seen under a microscope

Question 56

What to prokaryotes have that eukaryotes do not?

Answer 56

pili and fimbrae

Question 57

what are cilia?

Answer 57

short flagella that useually have many that cover the cell membrane which are used like oars on a cell membrane

Question 58

what are cilia used for?

Answer 58

in the trachea and lungs they help move things up and out

Question 59

Does gram - or gram + have trichroic acid?

Answer 59

Gram +

Question 60

In the kingdom bacteria, what do prokaryotes have that archaea lack?

Answer 60

Peptidoglycan