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Controls Flashcards

1
Q

what are three types of environmental things we can manipulate to control the spread of zoonotic diseases?

A

reservoirs, vectors, and infected animals

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2
Q

What can we do to a reservoir?

A

we can drain swampy areas

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3
Q

what are two examples of something that could be found in a reservoir?

A

giardia, flukes

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4
Q

what can we do to vectors?

A

eliminate or reduce exposeure to vectors

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5
Q

What can we do to infected animals?

A

isolate, quartantine, prevent roaming, mating, interaction

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6
Q

define sterilization?

A

kills all organisms including spores and viruses

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7
Q

define disinfection

A

desighned to kill a handful or organisms, kills vegitative organisms, does not kill spores

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8
Q

does disinfection kill spores?

A

no

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9
Q

define pasteurization (4)

A

simular to disinfection, uses heat to bring bacterial counts down, and kills most pathogens, extends shelf life

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10
Q

define bacteriostatic

A

prevents growth

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11
Q

what are three examples of bacteriostatics?

A

benzoates, sorbates and some antibiotics

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12
Q

define antiseptic

A

chemical for destroying harmful microbes from living in tissue

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13
Q

what is an example of an antispetic/

A

listerine

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14
Q

define sanitation

A

lowers microbe count to safe public health levels

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15
Q

what is sanitation often used for/

A

dishware, utensils

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16
Q

what is Ionizing radiation?

A

high E lights such as gamma rays and x rays

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17
Q

what does ionizing radiation do?

A

they knock off the electrons off of atoms and rearrange them.

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18
Q

why is ionizing radiation ideal?

A

very effective, high penetration, don’t have to heat, cheaper

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19
Q

what is non-ionizing radiation?

A

normally means UV light

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20
Q

what is a positive aspect of non-ionizing radiation?

A

good for surfaces like water

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21
Q

what are two negative aspects of non-ionizing radiation?

A

does not penetrate well, causes DNA damage

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22
Q

what is filteration useful for?

A

liquids and gasses

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23
Q

how small can membrane filteration get?

A

small enough (pore size) that it will trap viruses

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24
Q

what is a downside to membrane filteration?

A

clogs easily

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25
what type of filteration is used for air in clean rooms, hospitals, labs, etc?
HEPA
26
what are 7 types of chemical controls? (CHAPIQO)
Alcohol, Heavy metals, Phenolics, Iodine, Chlorine, quarternaries, oxidizing agents
27
What is alcohol?
a disinfectant
28
what does alcohol do?
dehydrates protiens and dissolves lipids, it is mildly effective and mostly just washes organisms away
29
Why is alcohol used?
cheap and low toxicity
30
what percent solution is alcohol normally used in and why?
50-80%, the water helps prevent the evaporation and assists in penetration to tissues
31
what are three heavy metals?
Hg, Ag, Cu
32
what do heavy metals do?
bind protiens together and disrupt the cellular metabolism
33
how toxic are heavy metals?
highly
34
how toxic are alcohols?
low
35
how effective are heavy metals?
mild
36
where are heavy metals used mostly?
waste disposal
37
What is AgNO3 and what was it used for?
silver nitrate, used as an anticeptic and disinfectant in new born eyes to prevent neisserria and gonorrhea
38
what was the first disinfectant used?
phenols
39
what is the standard disinfectant that sets standards for other disinfectanct?
phenols
40
what reduces the activity of phenols?
organic matter
41
what are 3 downsides to phenols?
expensive, odor, caustic to skin
42
what are three types of phenols?
cresols, hexylresorcinol, bisphenols
43
what are cresols?
used in wood preservers, they have greater germicidal activity and lower toxicity
44
what do hexylesorcinols do??
reduces surface tension, loosens bacteria from tissue and allows greater penetration
45
what are 3 types examples of hexylesorcinols?
mouthwash, topical antiseptics, throat lozenges (sucretes)
46
what are bisphenols?
combination of two phenol molecules
47
what is orthophylphenol?
lysol
48
what is hexachlorophene?
dial soap
49
what are two types of bisphenols?
chlorhexidine and triclosan
50
what is chlorhexadine?
bisphenol that is a surgical scrub, hand was, and skin wound cleanser. it has anti-plaque and ginivitis properties though bacteria may grow in it
51
what is triclosan?
broad spectrum, blocks the synthesis of lipids
52
how toxic is triclosan?
not toxic, fairly mild
53
what is triclosan effective against?
pathogenic bacteria, partially against fungi and viruses
54
why is iodine so usful?
low toxicity, effective, can be used in drinking water, can stain
55
what is the tincture of Iodine?
iodine and alchohol used for drinking water and antiseptics for wounds
56
what are iodophors?
iodine detergent complexes
57
what does the detergent do?
loosens organisms from surface so iodine can kill them
58
what are three examples of iodophores?
Ioprep (presurgical scrub), iosan (dairy sanitation), Betadine (local Wounds)
59
what do iodophores combined with non detergent carriers make?
povidine, which stabilizes iodine and releases it slowly
60
what can grow in iodine?
pseudomonas
61
What forms does chlorine come in?
gas and liquid
62
what chemical is corrosive to metals?
chlorine
63
what is the inorganic form of chlorine?
sodium hypochlorite NaOCl
64
what is Sodium Hypochlorite used for?
used as a bleaching agent for textiles and can be diluted for use in drinking water, swimming pools, and factory equipment
65
what is the organic form of chlorine?
chlorine T.
66
what does the organic form of chlorine do?
chlorine T. releases chloring slowly and is more stable than organic
67
what is organic chlorine used for?
general wound antisepsis and root canal therapy
68
what is chlorine effective against?
broad spectrum incliding some viruses, fungi, and protozoal
69
what is chlorine not effective against?
spores
70
What are quaternaries?
ammonium chloride
71
what are quaternaries usful for?
good for food processing plants and hospitals
72
what chemical is less corrosive than chlorine?
quarternaries
73
how toxic are quarternaries?
low toxicity
74
what do quarternaries effect?
broad spectrum, bacteriostatic G(+)
75
what can quarternaries be found in?
parvosol, roccal-D, 409
76
what are three types of oxidizing agents?
peroxide, ethylne oxide, and glutaraldehyde
77
what is peroxide used in?
food processing plants and as a skin disinfectant
78
why does peroxide bubble?
helps with mechanical removal of organisms
79
how toxic is peroxide/
low
80
what is ethylene oxide?
highly explosive gas
81
what is ethylene oxide used in?
autoclaves
82
how toxic is ethylene oxide?
very toxic
83
why do things need to be aired out if they have been sterilized with wthylene oxide?
can cause cold burns
84
what are glutaraldehydes?
very toxic carcinogen
85
what are glutaraldehydes used for?
sterilization of heat sensitives objects like fiberoptics.
86
what does glutaraldehydees kill?
spores

Microbiology (22 decks)

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