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Gram Positive Organisms Flashcards

0
Q

Why is staphylococcus resistant to the environment?

A

Can withstand drying, increased salt, can be inactive in dried pus, easily spread

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1
Q

Is staphylococcus resistant in environments?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What can staphylococcus survive in for extended periods of time?

A

Dried pus, boils, and skin

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3
Q

When is staphylococci less susceptible to antimicrobials?

A

When it is inactive

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4
Q

How does one treat a staphylococcal infection?

A

Debridement and draining of necrotic tissue so antimicrobials can reach the organism

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5
Q

What are two different types of staphylococcus?

A

Coagulase positive and negative

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6
Q

What is Coagulase positive staph?

A

Can clot plasma, is invasive and grouped with pneumococci and strepticocci

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7
Q

Coagulase + is pyogenic, what does that mean?

A

Causes pus forming infections from the white blood cells going to infected area and causing swelling and exudate

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8
Q

What are four types of toxins produced from Coagulase + staph?

A

Hyaluronidase, enterotoxins, hemolysins, leukocydines

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9
Q

What does hyaluronidase do?

A

Dissolves tissues, aids in the spread of bacteria

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10
Q

What do some Coagulase + staph produce?

A

Capsules to resist phagocytosis

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11
Q

How many kinda of coagulase - are there?

A

27 kinds, mostly commensuals

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12
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus?

A

Skin infection (cellulitis, boils, impetigo)

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13
Q

What are three types of skin infections caused by S. Aureus?

A

Cellulitis, boils, impetigo

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14
Q

What are five diseases/infections S. aureus can cause?

A

Skin infections, toxic shock syndrome, acute bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, food poisoning

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15
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome caused by (1) and symptoms? (4$

A

Caused by TSST-1, fever, shock, death, septicemia

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16
Q

What is acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Results in rapid destruction of the heart valves

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17
Q

What is S. Food poisoning?

A

Food borne intoxication

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18
Q

What is S. Food poisoning caused by?

A

Caused by the overgrowth of bacteria on food leading to the production of a toxin that causes illness

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19
Q

What are the symptoms in humans of s. Food poisoning? (4)

A

Onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

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20
Q

What are the symptoms in animals for s. Food poisoning 2

A

They are sub clinical, mastitis in cows and fatal infections in rabbits

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21
Q

What is the incubation period for S. Food poisoning?

A

30min to 8 hours

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22
Q

What is S. Hyicus?

A

Exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)

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23
Q

What type of staphylococcus are commensuals but if found in the the blood are an infection (septicemia) however often mistaken for contamination?

A

S. Epidermitis and S. Saprophyticus

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24
What two staph are used in fermented meats and dried fish and soy sauce and have recently found to produce enterotoxins?
S. Saprophyticus and a. Carnosus
25
What is MRSA?
Multiple drug resistant S. aureus and is a nosocomial pathogen
26
What is the reservoir for MRSA?
Health care providers
27
What are three ways of transportation of MRSA?
Skin contact, contaminated instruments/equipment and environment
28
What are the symptoms of MRSA? 5
Localized pustules, boils, inflammation, exudate, drainage
29
What are two symptoms that MRSA has gone systemic?
Pneumonia, septicemia
30
How do you treat MRSA?
Drain, culture and use correct antibiotic
31
How would you prevent MRSA? 2
Personal protective equipment and proper sanitation
32
What should be included in personal protective equipment? 4
Gloves, mouth, nose, eyes
33
What are 4 types of G (+) organisms?
Staphylococcus, streptococci, bacillus, clostridium
34
Describe streptococci
G(+) cocci in chains or pairs
35
What is the lance field system?
The streptococci are grouped by seri type
36
What is a serotype?
Antigen that binds with a particular antibody
37
What g(+) organism can produce hemolysins?
Streptococci
38
What is gamma hemolysis?
Non hemolytic, no change to color of blood agar
39
What is alpha hemolysis?
Partial hemolysis of blood. Green, cloudy haze around colony growth
40
What is beta hemolysis?
Complete hemolysis of blood, clear zone around colony growth
41
How can streptococci be treated?
Responds well to antibiotics or leave alone for immune system
42
What are five diseases or infections streptococcus pyogenes can cause?
Impetigo and other skin infections, necrotizing fascititis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis
43
What happens if streptococci reach deeper tissues?
Can become necrotizing fasciitis
44
Why is necrotizing fasciitis so destructive?
It produces a substance that promote rapid spread of the infection
45
What are three things necrotizing fasciitis can produce?
Streptokinase, hyaluronidase, and DNA
46
What is the death rate of necrotizing fasciitis?
Can exceed 40%
47
When is an infection considered necrotizing fasciitis?
When it attacks the muscle covering
48
When does rheumatic fever normally strike?
4-18 year old children following a strep throat
49
What can happen with rheumatic fever? 3
Inflammation of the heart, heart valve damage may occur and any reinfect ion can increase damage
50
What is streptococcal pharyngitis?
Strep throat, URI
51
What causes strep throat?
Beta hemolytic streptococci
52
What are 3 symptoms of strep throat?
Localized inflammation and fever, tonsillitis, and swollen and tender lympnodes
53
What is the drug of choice for strep throat?
Penicillin
54
How is strep throat transmitted?
Respiratory secretions
55
How is strep epidemic ally spread?
Unpasteurized milk
56
How is scarlet fever caused?
S. Pyogenes causes strep and secretes erythrogenic toxins
57
What are three symptoms of scarlet fever?
Pinkish red skin rash and high fever and strawberry slough younger
58
How is Scarlet fever transferred?
Inhalation of infected droplets
59
What are five things streptococcus pneumoniae can cause?
Pneumonia, pleuritic, meningitis, septicemia, otitis media
60
What is streptococcus farcalis/ enterobacter faecalis?
Normal GI bacteria that's opportunistic
61
What can S. Faecalis cause?
Endocarditis
62
Is s. Faecalis drug resistant?
Drug resistance is common
63
What is clostridium? 3
G(+) spore former, obligantbanaerobe
64
What do clostridium produce?
A variety of potent exotoxins
65
What are three types of infections or diseases caused by clostridium?
Clostridium perfringes, clostridium tetani, and clostridium botulinum
66
What clostridium is zoonotic?
Clostridium perfringes
67
What are three things caused by clastridium perfringes?
Food poisoning, dysentery, gas gangrene
68
How crappy is gas gang green?
Sever, often fatal
69
What is dysentery?
Mucous and diarrhea
70
Where does clostridium food poisoning come from?
Meat and meat stews contaminated with intestinal contents during slaughter
71
What does clostridium perfringes do?
Grows in host intestinal tract and produced exotoxins
72
What are some symptoms of clostridial food poisoning?
Abdominal pain and diarrhea
73
What does clostridium tetanus cause?
Tetanus/lock jaw
74
What does clostridium tetani produce?
Tetanospasmim
75
What does tetanospasm do?
Prevents the shutting off of skeletal muscle impulses
76
What can kill 30 people with only a period sized amount?
Tetanospasm in
77
What is toxin tetanolysin?
Destroys tissue
78
Is vaccine or treatment effective?
Vaccine
79
How fatal is clostridium tetani if only treated?
30-90%
80
What does clostridium botulinium cause?
Botulism
81
Where is clostridium botulinium common?
In soil and water
82
Is clostridium botulinium zoonotic?
Not usually
83
Where do most cases of botulism come from?
Home canned, low acidic food
84
What environment does clostridium botulinium like?
Low acidic, anaerobic
85
How many Mcg can cause paralysis by preventing nerve impulses?
1-2 mcg
86
How fatal is botulism?
30%
87
What happens when someone has botulism?
Suffocate or heart stops
88
What is the supportive care for botulism?
Ventilator and polyvalent antitoxin
89
Where do people get infant botulism from?
Honey
90
Is bacillus gram pos or neg?
Can be both
91
What is bacillus anthraccis?
Gram pos rods, spore former with a capsule
92
Where can bacillus anthraccis be found?
In soil
93
How long can bacillus anthracics spores survive?
Decades
94
Where are there bacillus anthracics endemics?
ND, NE AR MS LA TX CA
95
What does anthrax effect?
Most warm blooded animals
96
Where did humans normally get anthrax?
Animals or animal products such as wool or hides.
97
What are three types of anthrax infections?
Cutaneous, pulmonary anthrax, and intestinal
98
What are symptoms of cutaneous anthrax? 5
Papules, vesicles, black spot of necrosis, regional lymph nodes, septicemia
99
What are symptoms of pulmonary anthrax? 5
Flu like symptoms, fever, sweating, respiration distress, death
100
What are five symptoms of intestinal anthrax?
Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, septicemia, death
101
What antibiotics are effective against anthrax? 2
Penicillin, streptomycin, or both
102
What shape and gram is listeria?
G(+) rod
103
Is listeria a spore former?
No
104
Which listeria is ubiquitous?
Listeria monocytogenes
105
What are five symptoms of listeria monocytogenes?
Fever, muscle ache, loss of balance, endocarditis, abortion
106
What can listeria monocytogenes cause in sheep and cattle?
Meningitis and encephalitis
107
How can we control and prevent listeria monocytogenes? 2
Pasteurization, cook meat thoroughly
108
Where is corny bacteria normally found?
Mucous membranes
109
What shale and gram is corynebacterium?
G(+) pleomorphic rod
110
Is corny bacteria spore forming?
No
111
What are 5 symptoms of corynebacterium diptheriae?
Soar throught, fever, malaise, neck swelling, death
112
What is the characteristic symptom of corynebacterium?
Grey membranous film that forms over throat
113
How is corynebacteria diptheriae spread?
Airborne transnission
114
What are the two things used to treat coryynebacterium diptheriae?
Antitoxin and antibiotics

Microbiology (22 decks)

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