Immunology and vaccines Flashcards
define immunity
resistance to disease causing organism/toxic
define Ab titer
measures amounts and classes of Ab. can determine exposeur to or measure protective Ab levels
define allergic responses
overstimulation of immune system by allergen (Ag) and requires re-exposeur to allergen
define monoclonal Ab
manufactured from cell cultures, make one type of Ab in large amounts.
what is commonly used for Monoclonal Ab?
mouse spleen cells though some people are allergic to mouse protiens
hat are four types of immunity?
Natural Active, Artificial active, Natural Passive, Artificial Passive
What is natural active immunity? 3
Develops after recovery from a naturally acquired infectious disease. Microbial agents stimulate immune responses from memory cells. can remain active for years
What is artificial active immunity?
Antigens are introduced to a body by artificial means
what is an example of artificial immunity?
vaccines
what is the intention of artificial active immunity?
to create a memory for the immune system without causing the disease
what is natural passive immunity?
no memory is formed, but antibodies are recieved naturally for a short period of time
what are examples of natural passive immunity
babies during gestation, from colostrum, birds and reptiles through the yolk
how long will colostrum cover human infants?
3-6 months
how long will colostrum cover most animals?
6-12 weeks
what is artificial passive immunity?
preformed antibodies via injection, protection only last several weeks
what is antiserum?
developed in high levels of antibodies in horses and cattle
when would you use artificial passive immunity?
can be used as prophylaxis for high risk population
when would you use artificial passive immunity for post exposeur?
diptheria, tetanus, botulism
what does prophylaxis mean?
protection
What does natural mean?
it comes from the daily environment
what does passive mean?
they are preformed antibodies
what was the first vaccine/
small pox from cow pox
what are the 5 types of vaccines?
killed (inactivated), attenuated (weakened), subunit, toxoid, DNA
What is a killed vaccine?
pathogen is exposed to heat or chemicals, the Ag are not altered but unable to multiply.
how does one obtain maximum stimulation of Ab?
they much be given in a series
what is an attenuated vaccine?
weakened or reduced in force, they are low virulence microbes that will multiply in tissue.
what will a single dose of an attenuated vaccine do?
stimulate a high Ab level that lasts a problonged time
who cannot have a attenuated vaccine?
pregnant or immunocompromised
what is a subunit vaccine?
it uses purified fractions of the microbe and helps reduce side effects
what is a toxoid vaccine?
CONTAIN INACTIVATED TOXINS AND MUST BE BOOSTERED. USED TO COMBAT EXOTOXINS
what us a DNA vaccine?
injects DNA from infectious agent to cause host to develop Ab of its own. it mimicks a viral infection
what is a phage?
a virus can effect a bacterial cell and thrive, multiply,, and mutate inside it.
what is transduction?
process in which phage invades bacterial cell
