PART 5 - HP - PT -fr Sir Ed Flashcards
Used as alternative fixatives for cytological smears
that contains PVP, alcohol and polymers
Hair spray
Used as alternative fixatives for cytological smears
that contains high sugar content, viscosity and antimicrobial properties
Corn syrup & Honey
Other alternative:
✓ Spray cans of alcohol
✓ Methanol and 95% ethanol
The best method for routine cytologic examination:
Papanicolaou method
The 2nd best method for routine cytologic examination:
Phase-contrast microscopy
Components of Pap Stain
A nuclear stain (basic)
Hematoxylin
Counterstains for Pap Stain
-cytoplasmic stain (acidic)
-Staining mature cells (Mature superficial cells).
- Stains keratin (bright intense orange) and was originally used to stain the small cells of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma present in sputum
Orange Green-6 (OG-6)
Counterstains for Pap Stain
a mordant, strongly binds to protein and helps to intensify the color achieved.
Phosphotungstic acid
Counterstains for Pap Stain
-cytoplasmic stain (acidic)
- Staining immature cells (Intermediate and parabasal cells)
Eosin Azure-50 (EA-50)
component of Eosin Azure-50 (EA-50)
that Stains the superficial epithelial squamous cells, nucleoli, cilia, and RBCs
Eosin Y stains
component of Eosin Azure-50 (EA-50)
that Stains the cytoplasm of other cells, including non-keratinized squamous
cells; Quite expensive and difficult to obtain
Light Green SF yellowish
Alternative: Fast Green FCF (produces visually different results)
component of Eosin Azure-50 (EA-50)
that Stains nothing and in contemporary formulations it is often omitted.
Bismarck brown
Not recommended for cytologic smears because it is intensely stained by the basic Light Green counterstain of Papanicolaou method:
Egg albumin
Two major methods used to obtain high-quality respiratory tract specimens from patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) but a sputum-scarce or smear-negative status:
BAL and BW (Bronchial washing)
what spx is used to performed in patients with AIDS to rule out P. jirovecii (carinii):
BAL (Bronchoalveolar Lavage)
In vaginal hormonal cytology, the smears are taken from the:
Upper lateral third of the vaginal wall
Cervical mucus exhibits “palm-leaf” pattern:
Ferning phenomenon
Ferning phenomenon occurs?
✓ This occurs because of Salt crystal formation
✓ It indicates high persistence of Estrogen
✓ Used as a basis for Early pregnancy
▪ Advantages of Liquid-based cytology (LBC)
✓ Cleaner background
✓ Less time required to read the slide
✓ Increased sensitivity and specificity
✓ Improved sample quality and reduced unsatisfactory samples
Tiny pieces of unrelated tissue that can interfere with biopsy interpretation:
Floaters
Floaters
✓ Originate from:
-Other patients’ samples
-Laboratory personnel
-Environmental sources
-Previous biopsy samples
Floaters lead to?
-Misdiagnosis
-Incorrect staging
-Unnecessary treatments
-Delayed or missed diagnosis
Resolution for the floated normal lungs:
Cover the lungs with several layers of gauze
Best fixative for EM and IHC
Karnovsky’s Paraformaldehyde-Glutaraldehyde
Excellent fixative for Glycogen preservation
Alcohol
Best decalcifying agent for cellular preservation and staining:
Formic Acid
Best dehydrating agent; most common:
Ethanol
Best dehydrating agent for EM:
Ethanol
Used as a transition fluid:
Propylene dioxide
Substitute for Ethanol:
Isopropanol
The best clearing agent for Microwave Technology:
Isopropanol
Best embedding medium:
Paraffin wax
Best Vital dye/Supravital stain:
Neutral Red
Best stain for EM:
Uranyl Acetate
Excellent Connective Tissue (CT) fibers stain:
Mallory’s Trichrome, Masson’s Trichrome
Excellent Nuclear stain:
Ehrlich’s Hematoxylin
Best honing tool:
Belgian Yellow (or Belgium stone)
Excellent substitute for hone or stone
Plate Glass
Best screening marker for Lymphoma:
Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA) / CD45
A procedure that relies on the cationic & anionic properties of the material to be stained?
H & E staining
best fixative for nervous tissue?
Formalin
disadvantage of Lead fixative?
takes up CO2 and causes formation of insoluble precipitate
a fixative made up of mercuric chloride stock solution to w/c glacial acetic acid is added just before use?
Zenker’s
fixative that may cause blindness through its deposition in the cornea if exposure is prolonged?
osmium acid
What impregnation technique is ideal for tissues that are to be subjected to histochemical and enzyme studies?
gelatin impregnation
electrical ionization as means to carry out decalcification depends on what?
depends on direct current to remove calcium
Knives used to cut any type of resin block for electron microscopy
Diamond knives
Sections that are wrinkled, compressed or jammed may be due to the following faults:
-Knife is blunt or dull -
-Paraffin block is warm and soft
-Tilt of knife is too vertical
NOT: Knife is not parallel to the block
Component of Mayer’s egg albumin?
-Glycerin
-Egg white
-Thymol crystals
a type of differentiator that combines with the metal component of the stain thus breaking its union with the tissue or cell component.
Acid differentiator
Mounting medium that oozed out of the slide should be removed with what?
Xylene
