HP - MNEMONICS Flashcards
Fixation: Example of ADDITIVES
“FOM”
✓Formaldehyde
✓Osmium tetroxide
✓Mercuric chloride
FIXATION: Example of Non-Additive
✓Alcoholic fixative
Fixation: What are the PHYSICAL mtds of fixation?
“MHC”
✓microwaving
✓heating
✓cryopreservation
Fixation: what are the CHEMICAL mtds for fixation?
“VPI”
✓vapor form
✓perfusion
✓immersion
Fixatives: According to COMPOSITION?
✓Simple
✓Compound
Fixatives: According to ACTION?
✓Microanatomical
✓Cytological*
Acc to ACTION: what are the examples of Microanatomical Fixatives?
10-10 H-F Z-Z B-B
✓10% formol saline
✓10% NBF
✓Heidenhains susa
✓Formol sublimate
✓Zenker’s sol’n
✓Zenker formol (helly’s/kelly’s)
✓Bouin’s sol’n
✓Brasil’s sol’n
Acc to ACTION: what are the examples of CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVES?
“NCH”
✓nuclear*
✓cytoplasmic*
✓histochemial*
Action:Cytological - What are the examples of NUCLEAR FIXATIVES?
“BFNCH”
✓Bouin’s sol’n
✓Flemming’s sol’n
✓Newcomer’s fluid
✓Carnoy’s fluid
✓Heidenhain’s susa
Action:Cytological - What are the examples of CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES?
c”HORFF”
✓Helly’s/Kelly’s fluid
✓Orth’s fluid
✓Regaud’s fluid
✓Flemming w/o HAc
✓Formalin w/post chroming
Action:Cytological - What are the examples of HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES?
“10F-ANA”
✓10% Formol saline
✓Absol. ethyl alch.
✓Newcomer’s
✓Acetone
WHAT ARE THE ROUTINE FIXATIVES?
“AMPAO-GAT-HM”
✓Aldehyde*
✓Metallic*
✓Picric Acid*
✓Alcoholic*
✓Osmium Tetroxide*
✓Glacial Acetic Acid
✓Acetone
✓Trichloroacetic Acid
✓Heat Fixation
✓Michel’s sol’n
Under ALDEHYDE FIXATIVES?
✓Formaldehyde
✓Glutaraldehyde
Aldehyde fixative: Examples of FORMALDEHYDE?
“10-10-CaF-ZAK-PBC”
✓10%NBF
✓10%Formol saline
✓Cal.acetate formalin
✓Formol corrosive
✓Zinc formalin
✓Alch. formalin
✓Karnovsky’s
✓Paraformaldehyde
✓Baker’s formol calcium
✓Cajal’s formol ammonium bromide
Under METALLIC FIXATIVES? “MCL”
“MCL”
✓Mercuric chloride
✓Chromate
✓Lead
Metallic fixative: Examples of MERCURIC CHLORIDE?
ZZ-CHOBS
✓Zenker’s fluid
✓Zenker’s formol
✓Carnoy-lebron
✓Heidenhain’s susa
✓Ohlmacher
✓B-5 / Lilies B5
✓Schaudinn’s
Metallic fixative: Examples of CHROMATE?
“CROP”
✓Chromic acid
✓Regaud’s fluid
✓Orth’s
✓Potassium dichromate
Metallic fixative: Examples of LEAD?
“LL”
✓Lilies
✓Lead subacetate
Examples of PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES?
“pBBHG”
✓Bouin’s sol
✓Brasils Alch.
✓Hollande’s sol
✓Gendre’s sol
Examples of ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES?
“CEMING-FAK”
✓Carnoy’s fluid
✓Ethyl alc
✓Methyl alc
✓Isopropyl
✓Newcomer’s fluid
✓Gendre’s
✓Alc.formalin
✓Formol acetic acid
✓Clarke’s sol
Examples of OSMIUM TETROXIDE FIXATIVES?
“oFF”
✓Flemming sol
✓Flemming sol w/o Acetic acid
Decalcification: Decalcifying agents in GENERAL?
“ACIE”
✓Acids
✓Chelating agents
✓Ion exchange resin
✓Electrical Ionization/Electrophoresis
Decalcification: decal agents for ROUTINE?
✓Nitric acid
✓Formic acid
Acid decalcifying agents?
“NF-TSH-CCV”
✓Nitric acid
✓Formic acid
✓Trichloroacetic acid
✓Sulfurous acid
✓Hydrochloric/muriatic acid
✓Chromic acid
✓Citric-acid citrate
✓Von Ebner’s fluid
Ex. of chelating agent?
EDTA
3 ways to measure extent of DECALCIFICATION
“PRC”
✓physical/mechanical
✓radiologic/x-ray
✓chemical (calcium oxalate test)
Decalcification: Tissue Softeners
“PM421”
✓Perenyis fluid
✓Molliflex
✓4% Phenol
✓2% HCL
✓1% HCL in 70% Alc.
Dehydrating agents:
“ADACTT”
✓Alcohol
✓Dioxane
✓Acetone
✓Cellusolve
✓Triethyl phosphate
✓Tetrahydrofuran
3 Additives added to Dehydrating agents in duly hard tissues
✓4% Phenol
✓Molliflex
✓Glycerol-Alcohol mixture
Commonly used Clearing Agents
“XTBC-CAC-CMT”
✓Xylene
✓Toluene
✓Benzene
✓Chloroform
✓Cedarwood oil
✓Aniline oil
✓Clove oil
✓Carbon tetrachloride
✓Methyl benzoate/methyl salicylate
✓Tetrahydrofuran
Methods for IMPREGNATION/INFILTRATION
“PCGP”
✓Paraffin wax
✓Celloidin wax/colloidin/cellulose nitrate/nitrocellulose
✓Gelatin
✓Plastic/Resin
3 ways of Parafffin wax Infiltration/Embedding
✓Manual
✓Automatic (Autotechnicon)
✓Vacuum Embedding
Substitutes for Paraffin wax
“PEBEC”
✓Paraplast
✓Embeddol
✓Bioloid
✓Ester wax
✓Carbowax(water sol)
2 methods for CELLOIDIN?
Wet and Dry
Embedding Molds “PLCD”
“PLCD”
✓Plastic Embedding Rings & Base mold
✓Leukhart’s
✓Compound Embedding units
✓Disposable (peel aways, plastic ice trays, paper boats)
Plastic/Resin Embedding are classified into:
“EPA”
✓Epoxy
✓Polyesters
✓Acrylic
Types of Microtome
“RRFUS”
✓Rotary
✓Rocking
✓Freezing
✓Ultrathin
✓Sliding
Microtome Knives
“PBP”
✓Plane concave
✓Biconcave
✓Plane wedge
Stains for Cryostat Sections
✓Polychrome Methylene Blue (Loeffler’s)
✓Alc. pinocyanol
✓Thionine
✓H&E sections
Frozen Sections: What are the common freezing agents?
“LICA”
✓Liquid nitrogen
✓Isopentane (liquid nitrogen)
✓CO2
✓Aerosol sprays
Examples of HONES
“YACB”
✓Yellow belgian/Belgium yellow
✓Arkansas stone
✓Carborundum hones
✓Belgian black vein/Oil stones
Commonly used ADHESIVES
“MAP-DGGSP”
✓Mayer’s egg albumin
✓APES (3-aminopropylthriethoxysilane)
✓Poly-L-Lysine
✓Dried albumin
✓1% Gelatin
✓Gelatin-Formaldehyde Mixture
✓Starch paste
✓Plasma
Methods of STAINING
“SDI-PRC-VIS-MM”
✓Specific staining
✓Direct staining
✓Indirect staining
✓Progressive staining
✓Regressive staining
✓Counterstaining
✓Vital staining
✓Intravital staining
✓Supravital staining
✓Metachromatic staining
✓Metallic Impregnation
Classifications of Staining
“HHI”
✓Histological
✓Histochemical
✓Immunohistochemical
Ex.of SPECIFIC STAINING
✓Perl’s prussian blue
✓PAS
Ex. of DIRECT STAINING
✓Methylene blue
✓Eosin
what are the Agents under INDIRECT STAINING?
✓mordant
✓accentuator
Ex. of MORDANT
✓Ehrlich’s hematoxyline: Potassium alum/aluminum w/ hematox
✓Weigert’s hematoxylin: Iron
Ex. of ACCENTUATOR
✓Loeffler’s Methylene Blue: Potassium hydroxide
✓Carbol thionine and carbol funchsin: Phenol
Ex. of PROGRESSIVE STAINING
✓Mod. H & E Staining
Ex. of REGRESSIVE STAINING
✓H & E staining
✓Acid fast stain
✓Gram stain
Ex. of COUNTER STAINING
✓Eosin- cytoplasm
✓Hematoxylin- nucleus
DECALCIFYING Agents IN GENERAL
ACIDS (Nitic, Formic)
ION EXCHANGE RESIN
EDTA CHELATING AGENT
ELECTROPHORESIS aka Electrical Ionization
Methods of determining the EXTENT of DECALCIFICATION
“PRC”
-PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL — MOST UNRELIABLE TEST
-RADIOLOGICAL/ X-RAY — IDEAL, SENSISIVE & MOST RELIABLE
-CHEMICAL/Ca Ox TEST — most common, ROUTINELY USED
Double Embedding Method Requirements?
2 Media
- CELLOIDIN AGAR/NITROCELLULOSE - for IMPREGNATION
- PARAFFIN WAX - for EMBEDDING
Methods of FREEZING
-Liquid nitrogen – most commonly USED & PAPID CO2 Gas -
- |sopentane cooled w/ liquid nitrogen
-Co2 gas
-Aerosol sprays (distance: 1 foot/12 inches/30.5cm
Adhesives used in Tissue Processing
Starch paste
Plasma
Gelatin, Gelatin-Formaldehyde
Mayer’s egg albumin (most common)
Dried Albumin
3-APES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) (for cytological prep)
Poly-L-Lysine (reco for IHC)
staining mtds for frozen section
-Polychrome methylene blue (loeflers)
-Alc. pinocyanol
-Thionine
-H & E
fixatives for EM?
“GOPAK”
(0-4 deg C)
-Glutaraldehyde
-Osmium tetroxide
-Paraformaldehyde
-Acrolein (gluta/formaldehyde)
-Karnovsky’s (BEST FOR EM)
