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HISTOPATHOLOGY > HP - MNEMONICS > Flashcards

HP - MNEMONICS Flashcards

1
Q

Fixation: Example of ADDITIVES

A

“FOM”

✓Formaldehyde

✓Osmium tetroxide

✓Mercuric chloride

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2
Q

FIXATION: Example of Non-Additive

A

✓Alcoholic fixative

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3
Q

Fixation: What are the PHYSICAL mtds of fixation?

A

“MHC”

✓microwaving

✓heating

✓cryopreservation

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4
Q

Fixation: what are the CHEMICAL mtds for fixation?

A

“VPI”

✓vapor form

✓perfusion

✓immersion

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5
Q

Fixatives: According to COMPOSITION?

A

✓Simple

✓Compound

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6
Q

Fixatives: According to ACTION?

A

✓Microanatomical

✓Cytological*

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7
Q

Acc to ACTION: what are the examples of Microanatomical Fixatives?

A

10-10 H-F Z-Z B-B

✓10% formol saline

✓10% NBF

✓Heidenhains susa

✓Formol sublimate

✓Zenker’s sol’n

✓Zenker formol (helly’s/kelly’s)

✓Bouin’s sol’n

✓Brasil’s sol’n

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8
Q

Acc to ACTION: what are the examples of CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVES?

A

“NCH”

✓nuclear*

✓cytoplasmic*

✓histochemial*

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9
Q

Action:Cytological - What are the examples of NUCLEAR FIXATIVES?

A

“BFNCH”

✓Bouin’s sol’n

✓Flemming’s sol’n

✓Newcomer’s fluid

✓Carnoy’s fluid

✓Heidenhain’s susa

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10
Q

Action:Cytological - What are the examples of CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES?

A

c”HORFF”

✓Helly’s/Kelly’s fluid

✓Orth’s fluid

✓Regaud’s fluid

✓Flemming w/o HAc

✓Formalin w/post chroming

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11
Q

Action:Cytological - What are the examples of HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES?

A

“10F-ANA”

✓10% Formol saline

✓Absol. ethyl alch.

✓Newcomer’s

✓Acetone

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12
Q

WHAT ARE THE ROUTINE FIXATIVES?

A

“AMPAO-GAT-HM”

✓Aldehyde*

✓Metallic*

✓Picric Acid*

✓Alcoholic*

✓Osmium Tetroxide*

✓Glacial Acetic Acid

✓Acetone

✓Trichloroacetic Acid

✓Heat Fixation

✓Michel’s sol’n

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13
Q

Under ALDEHYDE FIXATIVES?

A

✓Formaldehyde

✓Glutaraldehyde

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14
Q

Aldehyde fixative: Examples of FORMALDEHYDE?

A

“10-10-CaF-ZAK-PBC”

✓10%NBF

✓10%Formol saline

✓Cal.acetate formalin

✓Formol corrosive

✓Zinc formalin

✓Alch. formalin

✓Karnovsky’s

✓Paraformaldehyde

✓Baker’s formol calcium

✓Cajal’s formol ammonium bromide

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15
Q

Under METALLIC FIXATIVES? “MCL”

A

“MCL”

✓Mercuric chloride

✓Chromate

✓Lead

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16
Q

Metallic fixative: Examples of MERCURIC CHLORIDE?

A

ZZ-CHOBS

✓Zenker’s fluid

✓Zenker’s formol

✓Carnoy-lebron

✓Heidenhain’s susa

✓Ohlmacher

✓B-5 / Lilies B5

✓Schaudinn’s

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17
Q

Metallic fixative: Examples of CHROMATE?

A

“CROP”

✓Chromic acid

✓Regaud’s fluid

✓Orth’s

✓Potassium dichromate

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18
Q

Metallic fixative: Examples of LEAD?

A

“LL”

✓Lilies

✓Lead subacetate

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19
Q

Examples of PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES?

A

“pBBHG”

✓Bouin’s sol

✓Brasils Alch.

✓Hollande’s sol

✓Gendre’s sol

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20
Q

Examples of ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES?

A

“CEMING-FAK”

✓Carnoy’s fluid

✓Ethyl alc

✓Methyl alc

✓Isopropyl

✓Newcomer’s fluid

✓Gendre’s

✓Alc.formalin

✓Formol acetic acid

✓Clarke’s sol

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21
Q

Examples of OSMIUM TETROXIDE FIXATIVES?

A

“oFF”

✓Flemming sol

✓Flemming sol w/o Acetic acid

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22
Q

Decalcification: Decalcifying agents in GENERAL?

A

“ACIE”

✓Acids

✓Chelating agents

✓Ion exchange resin

✓Electrical Ionization/Electrophoresis

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23
Q

Decalcification: decal agents for ROUTINE?

A

✓Nitric acid

✓Formic acid

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24
Q

Acid decalcifying agents?

A

“NF-TSH-CCV”

✓Nitric acid

✓Formic acid

✓Trichloroacetic acid

✓Sulfurous acid

✓Hydrochloric/muriatic acid

✓Chromic acid

✓Citric-acid citrate

✓Von Ebner’s fluid

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25
Q

Ex. of chelating agent?

A

EDTA

26
Q

3 ways to measure extent of DECALCIFICATION

A

“PRC”

✓physical/mechanical

✓radiologic/x-ray

✓chemical (calcium oxalate test)

27
Q

Decalcification: Tissue Softeners

A

“PM421”

✓Perenyis fluid

✓Molliflex

✓4% Phenol

✓2% HCL

✓1% HCL in 70% Alc.

28
Q

Dehydrating agents:

A

“ADACTT”

✓Alcohol

✓Dioxane

✓Acetone

✓Cellusolve

✓Triethyl phosphate

✓Tetrahydrofuran

29
Q

3 Additives added to Dehydrating agents in duly hard tissues

A

✓4% Phenol

✓Molliflex

✓Glycerol-Alcohol mixture

30
Q

Commonly used Clearing Agents

A

“XTBC-CAC-CMT”

✓Xylene

✓Toluene

✓Benzene

✓Chloroform

✓Cedarwood oil

✓Aniline oil

✓Clove oil

✓Carbon tetrachloride

✓Methyl benzoate/methyl salicylate

✓Tetrahydrofuran

31
Q

Methods for IMPREGNATION/INFILTRATION

A

“PCGP”

✓Paraffin wax

✓Celloidin wax/colloidin/cellulose nitrate/nitrocellulose ✓Gelatin

✓Plastic/Resin

32
Q

3 ways of Parafffin wax Infiltration/Embedding

A

✓Manual

✓Automatic (Autotechnicon)

✓Vacuum Embedding

33
Q

Substitutes for Paraffin wax

A

“PEBEC”

✓Paraplast

✓Embeddol

✓Bioloid

✓Ester wax

✓Carbowax(water sol)

34
Q

2 methods for CELLOIDIN?

A

Wet and Dry

35
Q

Embedding Molds “PLCD”

A

“PLCD”

✓Plastic Embedding Rings & Base mold

✓Leukhart’s

✓Compound Embedding units

✓Disposable (peel aways, plastic ice trays, paper boats)

36
Q

Plastic/Resin Embedding are classified into:

A

“EPA”

✓Epoxy

✓Polyesters

✓Acrylic

37
Q

Types of Microtome

A

“RRFUS”

✓Rotary

✓Rocking

✓Freezing

✓Ultrathin
✓Sliding

38
Q

Microtome Knives

A

“PBP”

✓Plane concave

✓Biconcave

✓Plane wedge

39
Q

Stains for Cryostat Sections

A

✓Polychrome Methylene Blue (Loeffler’s)

✓Alc. pinocyanol

✓Thionine

✓H&E sections

40
Q

Frozen Sections: What are the common freezing agents?

A

“LICA”

✓Liquid nitrogen

✓Isopentane (liquid nitrogen)

✓CO2

✓Aerosol sprays

41
Q

Examples of HONES

A

“YACB”

✓Yellow belgian/Belgium yellow

✓Arkansas stone

✓Carborundum hones

✓Belgian black vein/Oil stones

42
Q

Commonly used ADHESIVES

A

“MAP-DGGSP”

✓Mayer’s egg albumin

✓APES (3-aminopropylthriethoxysilane)

✓Poly-L-Lysine

✓Dried albumin

✓1% Gelatin

✓Gelatin-Formaldehyde Mixture

✓Starch paste

✓Plasma

43
Q

Methods of STAINING

A

“SDI-PRC-VIS-MM”

✓Specific staining

✓Direct staining

✓Indirect staining

✓Progressive staining

✓Regressive staining

✓Counterstaining

✓Vital staining

✓Intravital staining

✓Supravital staining

✓Metachromatic staining

✓Metallic Impregnation

44
Q

Classifications of Staining

A

“HHI”

✓Histological

✓Histochemical

✓Immunohistochemical

45
Q

Ex.of SPECIFIC STAINING

A

✓Perl’s prussian blue

✓PAS

46
Q

Ex. of DIRECT STAINING

A

✓Methylene blue

✓Eosin

47
Q

what are the Agents under INDIRECT STAINING?

A

✓mordant

✓accentuator

48
Q

Ex. of MORDANT

A

✓Ehrlich’s hematoxyline: Potassium alum/aluminum w/ hematox

✓Weigert’s hematoxylin: Iron

49
Q

Ex. of ACCENTUATOR

A

✓Loeffler’s Methylene Blue: Potassium hydroxide
✓Carbol thionine and carbol funchsin: Phenol

50
Q

Ex. of PROGRESSIVE STAINING

A

✓Mod. H & E Staining

51
Q

Ex. of REGRESSIVE STAINING

A

✓H & E staining

✓Acid fast stain

✓Gram stain

52
Q

Ex. of COUNTER STAINING

A

✓Eosin- cytoplasm

✓Hematoxylin- nucleus

53
Q

DECALCIFYING Agents

A

ACIDS (Nitic, Formic)

ION EXCHANGE RESIN

EDTA CHELATING AGENT

ELECTROPHORESIS aka Electrical Ionization

54
Q

Methods of determining the EXTENT of DECALCIFICATION

A

“PRC”

-PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL — MOST UNRELIABLE TEST

-RADIOLOGICAL/ X-RAY — IDEAL, SENSISIVE & MOST RELIABLE

-CHEMICAL/Ca Ox TEST — most common, ROUTINELY USED

55
Q

Double Embedding Method Requirements?

A

2 Media

  1. CELLOIDIN AGAR/NITROCELLULOSE - for IMPREGNATION
  2. PARAFFIN WAX - for EMBEDDING
56
Q

Methods of FREEZING

A

-Liquid nitrogen – most commonly USED & PAPID CO2 Gas -

  • |sopentane cooled w/ liquid nitrogen

-Co2 gas

-Aerosol sprays (distance: 1 foot/12 inches/30.5cm

57
Q

Adhesives used in Tissue Processing

A

Starch paste

Plasma

Gelatin, Gelatin-Formaldehyde

Mayer’s egg albumin (most common)

Dried Albumin

3-APES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) (for cytological prep)

Poly-L-Lysine (reco for IHC)

58
Q

staining mtds for frozen section

A

-Polychrome methylene blue (loeflers)

-Alc. pinocyanol

-Thionine

-H & E

59
Q

fixatives for EM?

A

“GOPAK”

(0-4 deg C)

-Glutaraldehyde

-Osmium tetroxide

-Paraformaldehyde

-Acrolein (gluta/formaldehyde)

-Karnovsky’s (BEST FOR EM)

60
Q
A

HISTOPATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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