PART 2 - HP - IHC, CYTO fr Sir Ed

Question 1

guidelines for sputum collection?

Answer 1

-Obtain at least 3 consecutive morning specimens through deep cough
-Inhalation of aerosol solution for 20 minutes can help induce coughing of sputum

NOT—> Collect sputum using a wide-mouthed jar with formaldehyde fixative

Question 2

Wound from friction or rubbing against a rough surface:

Answer 2

Abrasion (open wound)

Question 3

Cut or tear in the skin from a sharp object:

Answer 3

Laceration (open wound)

Question 4

Caused by a sharp, pointed object that penetrates the skin:

Answer 4

: Puncture wound (open wound)

Question 5

Blood collection outside blood vessels due to trauma:

Answer 5

Hematoma (closed wound)

Question 6

Bruise from blood leakage into tissues after trauma:

Answer 6

: Contusion (closed wound)

Question 7

IHC

Animals used for production of monoclonal antibodies:

Answer 7

Mouse

Question 8

IHC

Polyclonal antibodies:

Answer 8

Rabbit, goat, pig, sheep, horse, guinea pig

Question 9

IHC

The first step in immunohistochemistry:

Answer 9

FIXATION

Question 10

IHC

A preparation step prior to staining that only applies to immunohistochemistry:

Answer 10

Antigen retrieval

Question 11

IHC

Antigens are most likely to be demonstrated at max sensitivity with:

Answer 11

: Frozen sections fixed in acetone

**Preparing tissue for immunohistochemistry: In certain instances, the tissue must be prepared as a cryostat
section and fixed for a few seconds in absolute methanol or acetone, to preserve immunological activity and prevent destruction of some of the labile antigenic sites. However, immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques may also be done on formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin embedded sections.

Question 12

IHC labels?

Answer 12

Enzymes (HRP, ALP)

Question 13

microscope used for IHC?

Answer 13

Bright field microscopy

Question 14

labels for Immunofluorescence (IF) ?

Answer 14

✓ Labels: Fluorescent dyes (FITC, TRITC)

Question 15

microscope used for Immunofluorescence (IF) ?

Answer 15

Visualization: Fluorescence or confocal microscopy

Question 16

In IHC, many masked antigens can now be retrieved in routinely processed tissue by:

Answer 16

✓ Proteolytic enzyme digestion
✓ Microwave antigen retrieval
✓ Microwave
✓ Trypsin antigen retrieval
✓ Pressure cooker antigen retrieval

Question 17

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which convert 3,3’ diaminobenzidine (DAB) and 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC), into _____ and _____ end products, respectively

Answer 17

Brown and red

Question 18

A relatively new technique that involves the boiling of formalin-fixed deparaffinized sections in certain solutions, such as 0.01 M Citrate/Citric acid buffer (pH 6.0), EDTA (pH 8.0) or Tris EDTA (pH 10.0): M

Answer 18

Microwave antigen retrieval

Question 19

Used in rapid fixation, rapid embedding, special staining and antigen retrieval in IHC:

Answer 19

Microwave processing

Question 20

it works as a physical agent to increase the movement of molecules and accelerate fixation.

Answer 20

Microwave

Question 21

✓ Also used to accelerate staining, decalcification, IHC and EM
✓ Major advantage: tissue is heated right through the block in a very short time

Answer 21

microwave

Question 22

Antigenic determinants masked by formalin-fixation and paraffin embedding often may be exposed by epitope unmasking, enzymatic digestion or saponin, etc. Do not use this pretreatment with frozen sections or cultured cells that are not paraffin-embedded.

Answer 22

PRE-TREATMENT OF TISSUE SECTIONS

Question 23

referred to as Cancers, derived from “cancrum”, a Latin word for crabs

Answer 23

Malignant Neoplasms:

Question 24

Malignant tumor of Connective tissue (Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue)

Answer 24

Sarcoma

Question 25

Malignant tumor of Epithelial tissue (skin or tissues around internal organs)

Answer 25

Carcinoma

Question 26

✓ Benign tumor of Epithelial tissue
✓ Derived from the ducts and acini of glands, although the name is also used to cover simple tumors arising in solid epithelial organs

Answer 26

Adenoma

Question 27

✓ Benign tumor of Epithelial tissue
✓ Take origin from an epithelial surface

Answer 27

Papilloma

Question 28

Benign tumor of the Striated muscle

Answer 28

Leiomyoma

Question 29

Benign tumor of the Smooth muscle (heart muscles)

Answer 29

Rhabdomyoma

Question 30

Malignant tumor of the Muscle

Answer 30

Myosarcoma

Question 31

Malignant tumor of the Striated muscle (skeletal muscles)

Answer 31

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 32

Malignant tumor of the Smooth muscle

Answer 32

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 33

type of cell comprises ducts of glands and walls of thyroid follicles?

Answer 33

simple cuboidal

Question 34

Nerves cannot be donated due to?

Answer 34

complex neural connections, risk of neurological damage and limited regeneration capacity

Question 35

it is the outermost layer of an organ, a thin membrane surrounding abdominal organs (e.g., intestine, stomach), thoracic organs (e.g., heart, lungs) and reproductive organs (e.g., ovaries, testes)

Answer 35

Serosa

Question 36

it is the outer layer of an organ with specific functional and structural roles, as found in the adrenal gland, kidney, and brain

Answer 36

cortex

Question 37

What would be the appearance of superficial cells in Papanicolaou stain?

Answer 37

Orange to pink

Question 38

it deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial cells

Answer 38

exfoliative cytology

Question 39

it is useful for lesions found in organs such as breast, thyroid, and lymph nodes.

Answer 39

Fine needle aspiration

Question 40

CEA can be used to differentiate adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma. Between the two, which is positive for CEA?

Answer 40

adenocarcinoma

Question 41

What additional step is done in IHC for paraffin- embedded tissues?

Answer 41

Antigen retrieval

Question 42

What is the use of serum blocking in IHC?

Answer 42

To avoid unwanted non-specific staining.

Question 43

Primary antibody is directly conjugated with a label, what IHC technique is this?

Answer 43

Direct IHC

Question 44

IHC technique which involves the use of a bridging antibody that links the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex to the unconjugated primary antibody.

Answer 44

PAP technique

Question 45

One of the commonly used chromogen in IHC that gives dark-brown end products.

Answer 45

DAB