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HISTOPATHOLOGY > PART 4 - HP - PT -fr Sir Ed > Flashcards

PART 4 - HP - PT -fr Sir Ed Flashcards

1
Q

Inventor of MICROTOME?

A

▪ Wilhelm His, Sr. (1865/66) - Swiss anatomist and professo

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2
Q

Inventor of SLIDING?

A

-Alexander Cummings (1770s) - invented the first practical Sliding Microtome
-George Adams (1789)

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3
Q

Inventor of ROTARY?

A

George Richards Minot (1885-1886)

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4
Q

Inventor of ROCKING /
CAMBRIDGE?

A

Paldwell Trefall (1881)

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5
Q

Inventor of FREEZING?

A

John Queckett (1848)

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6
Q

Inventor of CRYOSTAT?

A

Sir James Dewar (1897)

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7
Q

Inventor of ULTRATHIN?

A

Germans (1800s)

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8
Q

inventor of Cold ultramicrotomy?

A

Humberto Hernandez Moran

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9
Q

▪ 3 MAJOR PARTS OF MICROTOME:

A

✓ Block holder - where the tissue is held in position

✓ Knife and knife carrier - for actual cutting of tissue sections

✓ Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screws - to line up the tissue block in proper position with the knife, adjusting the proper thickness of the tissue for successive sections

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10
Q

Venetian blinds effect in histopathology refers to:

A

✓ Characteristic striped or blinds-like pattern
✓ Caused by a damaged or nicked microtome blade

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11
Q

Cutting Stroke

✓ Hard tissues (cervix or thyroid) are best cut with?

✓ Soft tissues are best cut with?

A

-firm, relatively quick stroke

-slow, gentle motion

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12
Q

✓ To remove blemishes and grinding the edge of the knife to acquire an even edge

A

HONING

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13
Q

✓ Hone for badly nicked knives?
✓ medium fineness hone?
✓ finest hone (best result)?
✓ oil stones hone?

A

✓ Carborundum Hones = for badly nicked knives
✓ Arkansas Stone = medium fineness
✓ Yellow Belgian/Belgium Yellow = finest (best result)
✓ Belgian Black Vein = oil stones

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14
Q

The surface of the hone is wiped clean with a soft cloth moistened with xylene in order to remove the scattered small particles of stones and metal. It is then covered with a thin film of Mineral and Clove Oil, Xylene, Liquid Paraffin or Soapy Water for

A

Lubrication

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15
Q
  1. The color of the inside surface of floating-out water bath:
  2. Purpose?
A
  1. Black
  2. Purpose? For easier visualization of creases and folds in sections
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16
Q

Immediate separation of tissue from wax in a flotation water bath is typically caused by:

A

✓ Insufficient or incomplete paraffinization
✓ Inadequate wax quality or melting point
✓ Incorrect water bath temperature
✓ Tissue not properly trimmed or oriented

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17
Q

If a tissue section detaches from a slide:

A

✓ Return it to the floatation bath to rehydrate and reattach
✓ Gently agitate the bath to help reposition the section

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18
Q

Purpose of heat and xylene prior to staining after sectioning:

A

Deparaffinization and drying of slides

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19
Q

The tissues are overstained and the excess dye is then removed until the desired intensity
is obtained

A

REGRESSIVE

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20
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

Staining is continued in a definite sequence until the desired intensity of coloring of the
different tissue elements is attained

No washing / differentiation / decolorization

A

PROGRESSIVE

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21
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

The staining of tissue by means of simple alcoholic/aqueous solution of the dye
(Methylene blue and Eosin)

A

DIRECT/SIMPLE

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22
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

It is the basis of Histochemistry

It is accomplished by controlled, specific chemical reactions designed to give a final color
(staining) at the site/location of the structure of the substances in the cells or tissues

A

SPECIFIC

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23
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

The application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the
staining of the structural components to be demonstrated.

A

COUNTERSTAINING

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24
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

The action of the dye is intensified by some other agents such as mordant and accentuator

A

INDIRECT

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25
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

Entails the use of the specific dyes that stain tissues with a color that is different from that of
the stain color itself

A

METACHROMATIC
METACHROMASIA

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26
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

The selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by
phagocytosis of the dye particle (Cytoplasmic Phagocytosis)

A

VITAL

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27
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

Done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body (either intravenous,
intraperitoneal or subcutaneous) producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly
those of RES (Lithium, India ink, Carmine)

A

INTRAVITAL

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28
Q

TYPE OF STAINING

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body (neutral red)

A

SUPRAVITAL

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29
Q

A substance that serves as a link or bridge between the dye and the tissue to make the staining reaction
possible:

A

Mordant

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30
Q

A chemical substance that does not participate but merely increases or heightens the color intensity, crispness and selectivity of the stain:

A

Accentuator

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31
Q

Agents usually used for ripening of stains:

A

✓ Sodium iodate
✓ Mercuric Oxide
✓ Potassium permanganate
✓ Calcium hypochlorite
✓ Hydrogen peroxide

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32
Q

Commonly used for the rinsing and bluing steps of the H&E staining:

it is used for what?

A

Tap water

alkalinization; Alkalinity is a measure of water’s ability to neutralize acid

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33
Q

The end point of a bluing agent:

A

✓ Reached when the desired blue color is achieved, indicating complete neutralization of excess stain or
acidity.

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34
Q

The oldest of all stains and is used for staining amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes and glycogen:

A

Iodine

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35
Q

A dark green to black powder belonging to the phenazine group of dyes used to stain mitochondria in living
tissues:

A

Janus green B

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36
Q

Stains acid mucopolysaccharides; More specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucin:

A

Alcian blue

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37
Q

An excellent stain for Elastic fibers:

A

Orcein

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38
Q

For observing cell granules and vacuoles of phagocytic cell:

A

Neutral red

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39
Q

Used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections:

A

Victoria blue

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40
Q

PAS positive substances

A

✓ Carbohydrates (Glycogen, Glycoproteins, Mucins, Polysaccharides, Glycolipids)
✓ Glycoproteins (Immunoglobulins, Complement components, CRP, Amyloid)
✓ Mucoproteins (Acidic mucins, Neutral mucins, Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate)
✓ Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Unsaturated Lipids
✓ Fungal cell walls (e.g., Aspergillus, Candida)
✓ Bacterial capsules (e.g., Klebsiella, Pseudomonas)

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41
Q

PAS positivity in various tissues

A

✓ Liver (glycogen)
✓ Pancreas (glycogen)
✓ Salivary glands (mucins)
✓ Respiratory tract (mucins)
✓ Intestinal tract (mucins)

42
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: stains lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol

A

Sudan dyes

43
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: stains lipid accumulation - red

A

Oil Red O Stain

44
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (visualize the general morphology)

A

H and E stain

45
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: n (collagen fibers and fibrous cap)

A

Masson’s Trichrome Stain

46
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (calcium deposits – dark brown to black)

A

Von Kossa Stain

47
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (calcium deposits – red)

A

Alizarin Red S

48
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: n (carbohydrates and mucopolysaccharides)

A

PAS stain

49
Q

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (acidic mucopolysaccharides)

A

Alcian Blue Stain

50
Q

Widely used and effective stain for Helicobacter pylori?

A

✓ Giemsa stain

51
Q

Gold standard stain for Helicobacter pylori?

A

Warthin-Starry stain

others:
✓ Steiner stain
✓ Genta stain (modified Giemsa)
✓ Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for H. pylori antigens

52
Q

these are group of polychromatic stains used in cytology and histology

A

Romanowsky stains

53
Q

ex of Romanowsky stains

A

✓ Giemsa stain
✓ Wright’s stain
✓ Leishman’s stain
✓ May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain
✓ Jenner-Giemsa stain
✓ Diff-Quik stain

54
Q

The Feulgen stain is used to stain:

A

✓ DNA
✓ Nucleic acids
✓ Nuclear material (chromatin, nucleoli)

55
Q

Hematoxylin stains:

A

✓ Nuclei (DNA)
Resulting Stain: Purple-blue (dark blue, blue-black)
✓ Nucleoli
✓ Chromatin

56
Q

these are commonly used stains to assess the adequacy of fluid aspirates such as
✓ Blood smears
✓ Bone marrow aspirates
✓ Cytological preparations (e.g., fine-needle aspirates)

A

Romanowsky stains (Giemsa, Wright’s, MGG)

57
Q

COMPOSITION of Perl’s Prussian Blue Reaction for Ferric iron

A

✓ Solution: Acid ferrocyanide
1% aqueous potassium ferrocyanide (20 mL)
2% aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 mL)

58
Q

COMPOSITION of Turnbull’s Blue Reaction for Ferrous Iron

A

✓ Solution: Acid ferricyanide Solution:
1% aqueous potassium ferricyanide (20 mL)
2% aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 mL)

59
Q

Stains commonly used to visualize Spirochetes:

A

✓ Warthin-Starry Stain: Black / dark brown (golden yellow background)
✓ Levaditi Stain: Black / dark brown (yellowish brown background)
✓ Giemsa Stain: Pinkish-red to purple / purple-blue (pale blue or purple background)

60
Q

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes)

most sensitive and specific reagent for lipid staining; Greatest affinity for phospholipids & neutral fats

A

SBB

61
Q

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes)

Recommended for triglycerides (neutral lipids)

A

Sudan IV (Scharlach R)

62
Q

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes)

First Sudan dye introduced into Histochemistry; A good fat stain for CNS tissues

A

Sudan III

63
Q

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes)

stains neutral lipids and fatty acids in smears, cryostat sections and tissues

A

ORO

64
Q

The most commonly used impregnation agent for demonstrating nervous tissues and reticulin:

A

Silver nitrate

65
Q

A vegetable dye derived from lichens, commonly used for staining elastic fibers:

A

Orcein

66
Q

An old histologic dye extracted from the female Cochineal Bug (Coccus cacti):

A

Cochineal

67
Q

used as a powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear preparations

A

Carmine

68
Q

used in neuropathological studies

A

Picrocarmine

69
Q

used for demonstration of glycogen

A

Best Carmine

70
Q

For calcium salts and phosphatase activity

A

Acridine red 3B

71
Q

A basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells, giving GREEN fluorescence for DNA and a RED fluorescence for RNA:

A

Acridine Orange

72
Q

For demonstrating calcium involves replacement of the anionic part of calcium salts with silver. Silver is made visible following reduction by exposure to bright light:

A

Von Kossa

73
Q

Used in frozen sections for rapid diagnosis:

A

Loeffler’s PMB

74
Q

Mounting Media (Mountants) - AQUEOUS

A

▪ Water
▪ Glycerin
▪ Farrant’s medium/Gum syrup
▪ Apathy’s medium
▪ Brun’s fluid

75
Q

Mounting Media (Mountants) - RESINOUS

A

▪ Canada Balsam
▪ D.P.X.
▪ Xam
▪ Clarite
▪ Eukit
▪ Entellan

76
Q

composition of Aqueous Mountants?

A

Gelatin, glycerin jelly or gum arabic
Glycerol
Sugar
Preservative solution

77
Q

Composition of Aqueous Mountants

it used to to solidify the medium?

A

Gelatin, glycerin jelly or gum arabic

78
Q

Composition of Aqueous Mountants

it is used to prevent cracking and drying of the preparation

A

Glycerol

79
Q

Composition of Aqueous Mountants

it is use to increase the refractive-index

A

Sugar

80
Q

Recommended for mounting frozen sections from water or paraffin sections that require dehydration and
clearing:

A

Brun’s fluid

81
Q

Does not solidify upon storage, eliminating the need for heating before use:

A

Farrant’s / Gum syrup

82
Q

High refractive index; Also used as preservative

A

Glycerin

83
Q

General purpose aqueous mountant; Used for Methylene Blue-stained nerve preparations:

A

Apathy’s

84
Q

Recommended for mounting frozen sections from water or paraffin sections which require dehydration and
clearing:

A

Brun’s

85
Q

Low refractive index; good only for temporary mounting:

A

Water

86
Q

RI of Farrant’s / Gum syrup

A

(RI: 1.43)

87
Q

RI of Glycerin

A

(RI: 1.47)

88
Q

RI of Apathy’s

A

(RI:1.52)

89
Q

RI of Brun’s

A

(RI:1.43)

90
Q

RI of Water

A

(RI:1.333)

91
Q

Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts & evaporation of mountant, to immobilize the coverslip, and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage:

A

Ringing

92
Q

composition of Kronig Cement

A

Made up of 2 parts Paraffin wax mixed with 4-9 parts powdered Colophonium resin

93
Q

▪ Fixative for EM

A

✓ Primary fixatives: Osmium tetroxide, glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde the procedure is performed at 4°C

✓ Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, Acrolein (glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde); Platinic chloride and Zamboni’s

94
Q

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains
✓ Provides higher contrast for general EM imaging

A

✓ Uranyl acetate:

95
Q

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains
✓ Enhances contrast for biological samples

A

✓ Lead citrate:

96
Q

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains
✓ Stains polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and acidic mucins

A

✓ Ruthenium red:

97
Q

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains
✓ Stains cartilage, bone, calcified tissues, mast cells, glycoproteins, and mucins

A

✓ Toluidine blue:

98
Q

The best fixative for cytological specimens requiring fixation:

A

Ether alcohol (Ether and Ethanol - 1:1 ratio)

99
Q

The best fixative for exfoliative cytology:

A

Ether alcohol

100
Q

Fixative for all types of effusion:

A

50% Alcohol

HISTOPATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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