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HISTOPATHOLOGY > PART 3 - HP - PT -fr Sir Ed > Flashcards

PART 3 - HP - PT -fr Sir Ed Flashcards

1
Q

Four Major Groups of Fixatives

It act by cross-linking proteins

A

Aldehydes (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde)

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2
Q

Four Major Groups of Fixatives

act by cross-linking proteins

A

Oxidizing agents (osmium tetroxide, potassium permanganate)

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3
Q

Four Major Groups of Fixatives

act by denaturing proteins

A

Alcohol-based fixatives (methanol, ethanol, acetic acid)

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4
Q

Four Major Groups of Fixatives

act by forming insoluble metallic precipitates

A

Metallic fixatives (mercuric chloride and picric acid)

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5
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

-Best for CNS and Gen. post-mortem tissues, ideal for silver impregnation

A

10% Formol-Saline

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6
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Best Gen. tissue fixative; Frozen section, Iron and elastic fibers; Immunohistochemistry and interphase FISH

A

10% Neutral-Buffered Formalin

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7
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

for Immunohistochemistry

A

Zinc Formalin (unbuffered)

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8
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

for Routine post-mortem tissues, Silver Reticulum methods; Neutral fats and
phospholipids

A

Formol-Corrosive (F-Sublimate)

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9
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

EM; Immunocytochemical analysis; Paraffin embedding and sectioning

A

Paraformaldehyde

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10
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

EM; Resin embedding and sectioning

A

Karnovsky’s Fixative

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11
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Electron Microscopy

A

Acrolein

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12
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Lipids (frozen section); Fixation & decalcification of calcium-rich tissues

A

Formol-calcium (Baker’s)

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13
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Sputum cytology

A

Gendre’s

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14
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

for Phospholipids

A

Lillie’s (Calcium acetate formalin)

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15
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

For Nervous tissue (astrocytes)

A

Cajal’s Formol-ammonium bromide

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16
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Wet and dry smears, blood smears, bone marrow tissues and cell cultures; Diluent
in Wright’s stain

A

Methyl Alcohol (100%)

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17
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Fixing touch preparations (impression smears)

A

Isopropyl Alcohol (95%

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18
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Histochemistry especially enzyme studies; Sodium urate crystals in patients with
gout; DNA fragments (PCR)

A

Ethyl Alcohol (70-100%)

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19
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

(most rapid fixative)

Chromosomes, lymph glands, urgent biopsies; Brain tissues for rabies diagnosis
(Negri bodies); Nissl and cytoplasmic granules

A

Carnoy’s Fixative (most rapid)

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20
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Frozen sections and smears; Nucleic acids

A

Clarke’s Solution

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21
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Fixation or post-fixation of large fatty specimens (breast); Lymph nodes detection

A

Alcoholic Formalin

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22
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Diagnostic cryostat sections

A

Formol-Acetic Alcohol

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23
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Sputum; Frozen sections; Immunoperoxidase studies and EM; Glycogen and
Micro-incineration technique

A

Gendre’s Fixative

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24
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

Mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins

A

Newcomer’s Fluid

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25
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

Tissue photography; Renal tissues, fibrin, CT and muscles; Metachromatic staining
and Trichrome staining; Hematopoietic & RES

A

Mercuric chloride

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26
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

Good general fixative; Recommended for PTAH & Trichrome staining; Congested
specimens (lung, heart and blood vessels)

A

Zenker’s Solution

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27
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

Blood-containing organs (pituitary gland, BM, liver and spleen); Extramedullary
hematopoiesis and intercalated discs of cardiac muscle

A

Zenker-Formol (Helly’s) Solution

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28
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

BM biopsies (hematopoietic tissues); Immunohistochemical staining

A

Lillie’s B-5 Fixative

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29
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

Tumor biopsies (skin)

A

Heidenhain’s Susa Solution

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30
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

Wet smears for cytologic examinations

A

Schaudinn’s (Sublimated alcohol)

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31
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

Lipids and proteins; Nervous tissue and brain; Nuclear preservation

A

Ohlmacher’s Solution

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32
Q

Mercuric chloride Fixatives

Lipids and fatty tissues (liver and adipose); Nuclear preservation

A

Carnoy-Lebrun Solution

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33
Q

Osmium tetroxide Fixatives

Nuclear structures (Chromosomes); Fixes fats

A

Flemming’s Solution

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34
Q

Osmium tetroxide Fixatives

Cytoplasmic structures (mitochondria)

A

Flemming’s w/o Acetic Acid

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35
Q

Chromate Fixatives

Precipitates all proteins and adequately preserves carbohydrates

A

Chromic Acid

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36
Q

Chromate Fixatives

Chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, RBCs and colloidcontaining tissues

A

Regaud’s (Muller’s) Fluid

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37
Q

Chromate Fixatives

Study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis; Rickettsia and other
bacteria

A

Orth’s Fluid

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38
Q

Chromate Fixatives

Preserves mitochondria, fixes lipids

A

Potassium Dichromate

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39
Q

Picric acid Fixatives

-Embryos and pituitary biopsies; GIT biopsies, animal embryos and endocrine
gland tissue

-GREEN GREGORIOS: Preserving soft and delicate structures (endometrial
curettings); Fragmentary biopsies; Masson’s trichrome; Not suitable for fixing
kidney structures, lipid and mucus

A

Bouin’s Solution

40
Q

Picric acid Fixatives

GIT specimens and endocrine tissues; Has decalcifying properties

A

Hollande’s Solution

41
Q

Picric acid Fixatives

-Glycogen and other carbohydrates

-BLACK GREGORIOS: Preserving soft and delicate structures (endometrial
curettings); Fragmentary biopsies; Masson’s trichrome; Not suitable for fixing
kidney structures, lipid and mucus

A

Gendre’s Solution

42
Q

Picric acid Fixatives

Best routine fixative for glycogen

A

Brasil’s Alcoholic Picroformol

43
Q

Other Fixatives

Nucleoproteins (nuclei); Chromosomes and chromatin materials (nuclear
components); Destroys mitochondria and Golgi bodies

A

Glacial acetic acid (HAc)

44
Q

Other Fixatives

Acid mucopolysaccharides and CT mucin

A

Lead Fixatives

45
Q

Other Fixatives

Proteins and nucleic acids; Weak decalcifying agent

A

Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA)

46
Q

Other Fixatives

Water diffusible enzymes (Lipases, Phosphatases); Brain tissues for rabies
diagnosis (Negri bodies); Solvent in freeze-substitution tech

A

Acetone

47
Q

Other Fixatives

Transport medium of fresh unfixed tissues; NOT a fixative

A

Michel’s Solution

48
Q

Fixative

Recommend for Immunohistochemical techniques, cell smears, nucleic acids, CNS: Formaldehyde

A

Formaldehyde

49
Q

Fixative

Recommended for chromaffin tissues, adrenal medulla and mitochondria

A

Chromate

50
Q

Fixative

Recommended for Connective tissues and glycogen; Histones & basic proteins; Biogenic and polypeptide hormones Immunostaining; Fragmentary biopsies:

A

Picric acid

51
Q

Fixative

Good fixative and excellent stain for lipids:

A

Osmium tetroxide

52
Q

Nuclear and histochemical fixative

A

Newcomer’s fluid

53
Q

Microanatomical and histochemical

A

10% Formol saline

54
Q

Microanatomical and nuclear:

A

Heidenhain’s susa

55
Q

Microanatomical and cytoplasmic

A

Zenker-formol (Helly’s)

56
Q

10% NBF Composition

A

✓ 37-40% formaldehyde - 100 mL (10% = equivalent to 3.7-4% formaldehyde)
✓ DW - 900 mL
✓ Sodium phosphate, monobasic - 4 g
✓ Sodium phosphate, dibasic (anhydrous) - 6.5 g

*anhydrous – no water / water-free

57
Q

Bouin’s Fixative Composition

A

✓ 2.1% Picric acid saturated aqueous solution - 75 mL
✓ 40% formaldehyde - 25 mL
✓ Glacial Acetic acid - 5 mL

58
Q

Most commonly used fixative in histology:

A

Formaldehyde

59
Q

Most widely used fixative for routine histology:

A

10% NBF

60
Q

Used to slow down decomposition if the tissue needs to be photographed and cannot be fixed
immediately

A

Refrigeration

61
Q

Used to prevent formation of dark brown artifact pigment granules (hematin) when using formalin fixatives:

A

✓ Add buffer
- Sat. alcoholic Picric acid
- Others: Acidified potassium phosphate buffer, Sodium acetate buffer and Citrate buffer

✓ Add Alcoholic KOH (1% KOH in 80% alcohol)

62
Q

Fixative and decalcifying agent

A

Trichloroacetic acid
Picric acid
Chromic acid

63
Q

Fixative and dehydrating agent:

A

Alcohol (Methanol, Carnoy’s, Gendre’s)
Acetone

64
Q

Fixative and stain:

A

Picric acid, Osmium tetroxide

65
Q

Decalcifying agent and tissue softener:

A

Perenyi’s fluid

66
Q

Dehydrating agent and clearing agent (universal rgt):

A

Tetrahydrofuran
Dioxane,
3° Butanol
Oil of Bergamot

67
Q

May cause excessive hardening or brittleness of tissues:

A

✓ Prolonged fixation
✓ Prolonged dehydration
✓ Prolonged clearing
✓ Prolonged infiltration
✓ Prolonged embedding (overheating)

68
Q

Airholes found in the tissue during trimming is due to:

A

Incomplete infiltration

69
Q

Prolonged dehydration in the higher grades of alcohol will render the specimen:

A

Hard and brittle

70
Q

Makes the tissue opaque and difficult to cut due the presence of alcohol:

A

Incomplete clearing

71
Q

The most common (routine) and most rapid decalcifying agent used so far:

A

Nitric acid

72
Q

Best for cellular preservation and staining; Recommended for routine decalcification of post-mortem research tissues:

A

Formic acid

73
Q

Recommended for Surface decalcification of tissue blocks if used in 1% solution with 70% alcohol:

A

Hydrochloric acid

74
Q

Permits good nuclear staining; Does not require washing out; Not recommended for urgent examinations (very slow acting):

A

Trichloroacetic acid

75
Q

A good clearing agent must be ____________ with dehydrating agent (alcohol), melted paraffin wax and mounting medium.

A

Miscible

76
Q

An excellent and true clearing agent; most rapid:

A

Xylene

77
Q

Substitute for xylene or benzene:

A

Toluene

78
Q

It is recommended for tough (skin, fibroid and decalcified tissues) and large tissue specimens;

A

Chloroform

79
Q

Rapid acting, recommended for urgent biopsies and routine purposes

A

Benzene

80
Q

Dehydrates and clears at the same time since it is miscible in both water and paraffin:

A

Tetrahydrofuran

81
Q

Recommended for CNS tissues and cytological studies (esp. Smooth muscles and skin):

A

Cedarwood oil

82
Q

Clears both Paraffin and Celloidin sections; Quality is not always uniform and good and is extremely slow

A

Cedarwood oil

83
Q
A
84
Q
A
85
Q

Properties are very similar to chloroform but it is cheaper; Toxic on prolonged exposure:

A

Carbon tetrachloride

86
Q

Slow-acting clearing agents that can be used when double embedding techniques are required:

A

Methyl-benzoate/Methyl-salicylate

87
Q

The clearing agent that becomes milky on prolonged storage and its quality is not always good and uniform:

A

Cedarwood oil

88
Q

The clearing agent that becomes milky when dehydration is not complete:

A

Xylene

89
Q

▪ Infiltrating and embedding media:

A

✓ Paraffin
✓ Paraffin substitutes
✓ Celloidin
✓ Gelatin
✓ Resin

90
Q

The simplest, most common, and by far the best embedding medium for routine use:

A

Paraffin wax

91
Q

The impregnation method used for delicate specimens and frozen tissue sections because it prevents fragmentation of tough and friable tissue:

A

Gelatin Impregnation

92
Q

Specimens with large cavities or hollow spaces:

A

Celloidin wax impregnation

93
Q

EM; Hard tissues (undecalcified bone); renal and BM biopsies:

A

Resin/Plastic Impregnation

94
Q
A
95
Q

Preferred for processing of whole eye sections.

Material embedded with the dry method can be cut without alcohol due to the presence of the cedarwood oil in the block.

A

DRY Celloidin Method

96
Q

equal parts of chloroform and cedarwood oil, what mixture it is?

A

Gilson’s mixture

HISTOPATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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