HP - OTHERS Flashcards
INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES
Serum/secretions from serosal mesothelial cells (3P’s)
Pulmonary TB
Serous inflammation
INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES
Hypersecretion of mucosa
Catarrhal inflammation
INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES
Blood + exudates
Bacterial infections & other infections
Hemorrhagic inflammation
INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES
Fibrinogen, Diphtheria, rheumatoid pericarditis
Early stage of pneumonia
Fibrinous inflammation
INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES
Pus: creamy fluid component of PMNs & necrotic tissue debris
Pus: creamy fluid component of PMNs & necrotic tissue debris
Suppurative/purulent inflammation
IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)
Problem: Failure to arrest early cell autolysis
cause:
-Failure to fix immediately (tissue was allowed to dry before fixing)
-Insufficient fixative
IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)
Problem: Removal of substances soluble in fixing agent
cause: Wrong choice of fixative
IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)
Problem: Presence of artifact pigments on tissue sections
cause: Incomplete washing of fixative
IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)
Problem: Tissues are soft & feather-like in consistency
cause: Incomplete fixation
IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)
Problem: Loss/inactivation of enzymes needed for study
cause: Wrong choice of fixative
IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)
Problem: Shrinkage & swelling of cells & tissue structure
cause: Overfixation
IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)
Problem: Tissue blocks are brittle & hard
cause: Prolonged fixation
if incomplete fixation, what steps are affected?
clearing
impregnation
sectioning
staining
PIGMENTS - removed by?
Acid formaldehyde hematin (Brown/black granules)
“SAKAL”
a. Saturated picric acid
b. Alcoholic KOH
c. Kardasewitsch method
d. Lillie’s method
PIGMENTS - removed by?
Mercuric chloride pigment (black granules)
Alcoholic IODINE
PIGMENTS - removed by?
Chromate pigment
(Fine, yellow brown granules)
ACID-alcohol
PIGMENTS - removed by?
Osmium tetroxide pigment
(Black precipitate crystals)
Cold H2O
what PIGMENT/ artifact?
Intense eosinophilic staining at the center of the tissue (H & E) Due to partial coagulation of partially fixed protein
Crush artifact
PAP STAIN
nuclear stain
Hematoxylin
PAP STAIN
cytoplasmic stain (mature superficial cells)
OG-6
PAP STAIN
cytoplasmic stain (immature cells: parabasal/intermediate)
EA (Eosin Azure)
PAP STAIN
cytoplasmic stain for gynecologic smears
EA 36/50
PAP STAIN
cytoplasmic stain for body fluids
EA 65
STEPS IN H&E STAIN
Xylol is for?
deparaffinization
STEPS IN H&E STAIN
Descending grade of alcohol
rehydration
STEPS IN H&E STAIN
used as differentiator?
Acid alcohol
STEPS IN H&E STAIN
used as bluing agent?
ammonia water
STEPS IN H&E STAIN
stain used?
hematoxylin and eosin
STEPS IN H&E STAIN
Ascending grade of alcohol?
dehydration
STEPS IN H&E STAIN
dealcoholization/clearing agent used?
xylene
STEPS IN H&E STAIN?
- Xylol (2) = deparaffinization
- Rehydration = Descen. alcohol
- H2O
- Remove fixative artifact pigments after rehydration & before staining
- Stain: hematoxylin
- H2O
- Acid alcohol (differentiator)
- Ammonia water (blueing agent)
- Wash
- Stain: Eosin Y
- Dehydration = Ascen. alcohol
- Xylene = dealcohol/clearing
- Mount & label
**Nuclei: blue to blue black
**Cytoplasm: pale pink
Excision and exam (living subject)
Preferred: perform the biopsy at the periphery of the tumor (advancing tumor margin)
Biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Desquamated cells;
Sex hormonal status in females;
Sex chromatin phenotype
Exfoliative cytology
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Complete removal of a lesion;
Most reliable
Excisional biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Removal of part of a lesion/small piece of tumor directly incising the tumor capsule
Preferred for large tumors that can’t be excised completely
Incisional biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Aspiration of fluid
Needle biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Small pcs of tumor are removed w/ special forceps
Bite biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Skin fragments
Cutaneous biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Curettage specimens
Shave biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
For specimens >2mm → embed in a single paraffin block
Punch biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Specimen is subdivided w/ a razor blade
Wedge biopsy
TYPE OF BIOPSY
Shell-out end
Marginal excision
