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HISTOPATHOLOGY > PART 1 - HP - PT > Flashcards

PART 1 - HP - PT Flashcards

1
Q

Type of Tissue Sections and its SIZE (micra)

✓Paraffin section?

A

✓Paraffin section- 4-6 micra

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2
Q

Type of Tissue Sections and its SIZE (micra)

✓Celloidin section?

A

✓Celloidin section- 10-15 micra

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3
Q

Type of Tissue Sections and its SIZE (micra)

✓Frozen section?

A

✓Frozen section- 4 micra

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4
Q

practical consideration of FIXATION?

A

Speed

Penetration (1 mm/hr) —- ideal thickness (2-3 mm)

Volume (20x)

Duration of fixation - shortened by heat, vacuum, agitation, microwave

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5
Q

Fixative for minute specimens

A

PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES (ex. Bouins) – imparts color YELLOW

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6
Q

A specialized fixative used in (FROZEN SECTION which serves to localize ANTIGENS and hydrolyze ENZYMES and used for preservation of LIPIDS

A

Formol Calcium (Bakers)

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7
Q

Formalin Usage by-products

A

PARA FORMALDEHYDE

FORMIC ACID

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8
Q

Fixative NOT for H&E

A

osmium tetroxide (inhibit action of hematoxylin ex. Ehrlich’s)

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9
Q

It is promoted by slow freezing

A

FORMATION OF ICE CRYSTAL ARTIFACTS

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10
Q

knife for celloidin?

A

PLANE CONCAVE KNIFE (less Concave)

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11
Q

gold standard stain for Glomerular Basement Membrane

A

jones methenamine silver stain

OTHERS:

Azocarmine

Periodic acid schiff

AlciaN blue

“JAPAn”

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12
Q

importance of 5% sodium thiosulfate in Dezenkerization?

A

to remove excess iodine, removed by tap water

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13
Q

MJ disadvantage of OSMIC ACID as fixative?

A

very expensive

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14
Q

adhesive for cytology

A

APES / 3-aminopropyl-thriethoxysilane

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15
Q

The routine fixative of choice for preservation of cell detail in tissue photography

Recommended for renal tissues, fibrin, connective tissues, and muscles

A

5-7 % MERCURIC CHLORIDE

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16
Q

fixative of choice for demonstration of URATE CRYSTALS?

A

95-100% ethanol

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17
Q

The fixative of choice for VERY MINUTE/SMALL SPECIMENS (fragmentary biopsies) and DELICATE TISSUES such as embryos

A

picric acid (bouin’s)

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18
Q

Used both as a FIXATIVE and as a STAIN FOR FATS

A

OSMIUM TETROXIDE / OSMIC ACID

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19
Q

Formalin fixes tissue by

A

STABILZATION OF PROTEINS (cross-linkages)

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20
Q

It is made up of 2 formaldehyde residues, linked by three carbon chains.

Most commonly used FIXATIVE FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (EM) & HISTOCHEMISTRY

A

GLUTARALDEHYDE

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21
Q

Cause of Failure to arrest early cellular autolysis

A

Due to the failure to fix IMMEDIATELY or INSUFFICIENT fixative

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22
Q

Cause of too brittle and too hard blocks/ OVERHARDENED TISSUE

A

Due to PROLONGED fixation

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23
Q

cause of Soft and feather-like tissues

A

Due to Incomplete fixation

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24
Q

cause of Presence of artefact pigments on sections

A

INCOMPLETE washing of fixative

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25
Q

cause of Shrinkage and swelling of cells in tissue blocks

A

Due to OVER-FIXATION

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26
Q

Cause of enzyme inactivation and loss and Removal of fixative soluble substances

A

WRONG choice of fixative

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27
Q

The process of removing intracellular and extracellular WATER FROM THE TISSUE following fixation and prior to wax impregnation

A

DEHYDRATION

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28
Q

Excellent DEHYDRATING and CLEARING agent miscible to water, melted paraffin, alcohol and xylol

A

DIOXANE (DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE)

CELLUSOLVE (ETHYLENEGLYCOL MONOETHYL)

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29
Q

Procedure whereby calcium or lime salts are removed from tissues

A

DECALCIFICATION

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30
Q

Most rapid decalcifying agent

A

PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC ACID

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31
Q

Routine/ most common decalcifying agent

A

NITRIC ACID

FORMIC ACID (Best for CELLULAR PRESERVATION)

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32
Q

Yellow color imparted by nitrous acid is removed through

A
  1. Neutralization with 5% SODIUM SULFATE and running tap water for 12 hours
  2. Addition of 0.1 UREA to pure concentrated nitric acid
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33
Q

DECAL AGENT & TSE SOFTENER

A

PERENYI’S FLUID

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34
Q

Von Ebner’s fluid Formula

A

36% Sat. Aq. NacCl,

Conc. HCL

Distillef water

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35
Q

The process whereby alcohol or a dehydrating agent is removed from the tissue and replaced by a fluid (clearing agent) that will dissolve the wax with which the tissue must be impregnated

A

CLEARING

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36
Q

A clearing agent to use in processing tissues for paraffin embedding should be

A
  1. Miscible with alcohol and remove DEHYDRATING AGENT/DEHYDRANT
  2. Miscible with and easily removed by melted PARAFFIN WAX and/or MOUNTING MEDIUM
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37
Q

The most rapid clearing agent

A

XYLENE - EXCELLENT I TRUE CLEARING AGENT

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38
Q

Cause of The XYLENE becomes TURBID or MILKY when the tissue or section is added to it

A

INCOMPLETE DEHYDRATION

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39
Q

it also becomes milky when PROLONGED STORAGE

A

Cedarwood oil

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40
Q

Clearing time of xylene

A

30-60 MINS/

30 MINS - 2 HRS

Newly opened/urgent biopsies - 15-30 mins

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41
Q

Best for NERVOUS TISSUE, LYMPH NODES, EMBRYO, granulation tissue, and fetal and other delicate, highly cellular specimens

A

CHLOROFORM

42
Q

Carcinogenic or may damage bone marrow (Aplastic anemia)

A

ΒΕΝΖΕΠΕ

43
Q

Can be used as a substitute for xylene/benzene as a clearing agent

A

TOLUENE

44
Q

The process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will fill all natural cavities, spaces, and interstices of the tissues

A

IMPREGNATION/INFILTRATION

45
Q

how many times should paraffin wax should be

USE?

REUSED?

A

USE twice

REUSED once

46
Q

The process by which the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium, which is then allowed to solidify

A

Embedding

47
Q

Embedding medium for electron microscopy

A

PLASTIC / RESIN (EPOXY RESINS)

48
Q

made up of esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid and are used extensively for light microscopy.

A

ACRYLIC PLASTICS / RESINS

49
Q

The process in which tissues are first infiltrated with CELLOIDIN and subsequently embedded in PARAFFIN mass

A

double embedding

50
Q

The excess wax is cut off from the block to expose the tissue surface in preparation for actual cutting

A

trimming

51
Q

Tissues are cut into uniformly thin slices with the aid of machine to facilitate the studies under the microscope

A

Sectioning/section cutting

52
Q

This method is normally utilized when a rapid diagnosis of the tissue in question is required, and is essentially recommended when lipids and nervous tissue elements are to be demonstrated.

A

FROZEN SECTION

53
Q

Commonly used freezing agent

A

liquid nitrogen

54
Q

Advantages of FREEZE- DRYING

A
  1. Minimum tissue shrinkage
  2. Allows tissues to be processed in a fresh state
  3. Less displacement
55
Q

Advantages of FREEZE- SUBSTITUTION

A

MORE ECONOMICAL/CHEAPER

SUITABLE FOR ROUTINE PURPOSES

56
Q

for cutting celloidin embedded sections

A

SLIDING MICROTOME (ADAMS - 1789)

57
Q

A TYPE OF SLIDING MICROTOME favored in laboratories where very hard tissue or blocks are sectioned

A

Base-Sledge Microtome

58
Q

A TYPE OF SLIDING MICROTOME THAT IS MOST DANGEROUS because of its movable exposed knife (moved backward and forward)

A

Standard Sliding Microtome

59
Q

for cutting paraffin embedded sections

MOST POPULAR and MOST COMMON type used for routine and research studies

microtome inside the CRYOSTAT

A

ROTARY MICROTOME (MINOT 1885-1886)

60
Q

THE SIMPLEST type of microtome

for cutting serial sections of large blocks of paraffin embedded tissues

A

ROCKING MICROTOME/CAMBRIDGE

aka Cambridge PALDWELL TREFALL (1881)

61
Q

for cutting unembedded frozen sections

A

FREEZING microtome (QUECKETT - 1848)

62
Q

for cutting specimens into extremely thin slices (0.5u) for electron microscopy work

A

ULTRATHIN MICROTOME (BY GERMAN’S in 1800s)

63
Q

COLD ULTRAMICROTOMY by who?

A

HUMBERTO HERNANDEZ HORAN

64
Q

MICROTOME KNIFE

One side of the knife is flat/straight while the other is concave

Base-sledge/Rocking/Rotary microtome

MEASUREMENT?

A

PLANE

(25mm in length)

65
Q

MICROTOME KNIFE

with both sides concave (ROUTINE PARAFFIN SECTIONS)

Recommended for ROTARY MICROTOME

MEASUREMENT?

A

BICONCAVE

(120mm in length)

66
Q

MICROTOME KNIFE

have both sides straight (FROZEN SECTIONS and extremely HARD AND TOUGH specimens)

Base-sledge/Sliding microtome

MEASUREMENT?

A

PLANE WEDGE

(100 mm in length)

67
Q

uses hones/grinding stones

Purpose: To remove the gross NICKS and IRREGULARITIES on the knife

Direction: Heel to Toe (Edge first)

A

honing

68
Q

uses paddle strap made up of horse leather

Purpose: To polish and SHARPEN DULL KNIFE. FREE OF NICKS. Removal of BURRS formed during honing

Direction: Toe to Heel (Edge last)

A

stropping

69
Q

Used for rapid preparation of urgent tissue biopsies for intraoperative diagnosis

A

CRYOSTAT / COLD MICROTOME

70
Q

Used in order to promote adhesion of sections to slides

A

ADHESIVES

71
Q

used as a section adhesive in immunohistochemistry

A

Poly-L-lysine

72
Q

very useful in cytology particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material

A

3-APES

73
Q

A syrupy fluid applied between the section and the coverslip after staining, setting the section firmly, preventing the movement of the coverslip.

A

mounting medium (mountant)

74
Q

An aqueous mounting medium was prepared 3 months ago and stored in 4º refrigerator. Mold is now observed in the medium. To prevent this in future, preparing the medium, one should:

A

thymol crystals - to avoid mold formation & growth of bacteria

75
Q

Process of SEALING THE MARGINS OF THE COVERSLIP TO PREVENT ESCAPE OF FLUID or semi-fluid mounts and evaporation of mountant, to immobilize the coverslip, and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage.

A

RINGING (uses kronig cement)

76
Q

Important things to do in giving slides for Pathologist

A

check slides have proper labels and are accounted for

77
Q

KRONIG CEMENT is composed of?

A

2 parts paraffin wax mixed with
4.9 parts powdered Colophonium resin

(heated and filtered)

78
Q

Other equipment for SECTIONING

A
  1. Water bath
  2. Drying oven or hot plate
  3. Forceps (fine pointed or curved) and squirrel hair brush
  4. Clean slides (76x25 mm; 1-1.2mm thickness)
  5. Ice tray
  6. Pencil
79
Q

Tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing coloration of the active tissue component.

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

80
Q

Various constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance.

A

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

81
Q

the most important Natural dye?

A

hematoxylin

82
Q

a natural dye; a vegetable dye extracted from lichens which are normally colorless

A

orcein (elastic fibers becomes brown/DB

83
Q

a natural dye derived from an extract from the female Cochineal Bug (Coccus cacti)

A

cochineal

84
Q

a natural dye; a plant with orange stigmas yielding a dye.

A

saffron

85
Q

aka “coal tar dyes”

a synthetic dye

Derived from the hydrocarbon benzene

A

aniline dyes

86
Q

TYPE OF STAINING:

The tissues are overstained and the excess dye is then removed until the desired intensity is obtained.

A

REGRESSIVE STAINING

87
Q

TYPE OF STAINING:

Staining is continued in a definite sequence until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained. No washing/ differentiation/ decolorization

A

PROGRESSIVE STAINING

88
Q

TYPE OF STAINING:

A process of selective removal of excess dye/stain around the tissue

A

DIFFERENTIATION

89
Q

TYPE OF STAINING:

A tissue section is overstained in a relatively neutral solution of hematoxylin. The excess stain is removed with an acid alcohol, this is what type of staining?

A

REGRESSIVE STAINING

90
Q

TYPE OF STAINING:

H and E staining w/ DIFFERENTIATION?

A

REGRESSIVE STAINING

91
Q

Modified H and E staining W/O DIFFERENTIATION

A

PROGRESSIVE STAINING

92
Q

Color of cytoplasm of cells?

A

PINK (PALE)

RED

L-Red

93
Q

Substances capable of producing visible COLORS THAT ARE NOT PERMANENT

A

CHROMOPHORE

94
Q

any substance that contain chromophore?

A

chromogen

95
Q

Composition of chromogen?

A

benzene + chromophore —> chromogen

96
Q

For a chromogen to be a dye, it must be composed of an acid and a base, and therefore have salt forming properties, ultimate retaining its color

A

AUXOCHROME

97
Q

how to rinse EDTA decalcified tissue?

A
  1. rinse in running water
  2. overnight immersion in formol- saline/ phosphate-buffered saline
98
Q

how many changes of Paraffin in manual processing?

A

4 changes w/ 15 mins interval

1 hr (complete processing time)

99
Q

what are the common SUPRAVITAL DYES?

A

“TNT - JNT”

Thionine
Nile blue
Trypan Blue

Janus Green B
Neutral Red
Toluidine blue

100
Q

best VITAL/SUPRAVITAL DYE?

A

NEUTRAL RED

HISTOPATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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