part 1: phonetics and typical development part 1 Flashcards
onset (consonants)
/s/ in sit or the /k/ in cup
codas (consonants)
/t/ in sit or the /p/ in cup
voicing (consonants)
timing of the onset of VF vibration
voiced consonants
the VFs are vibrating during the consonant
voiceless consonants
VFs do not vibrate
place of articulation
where the airstream modification takes place
where the modification of airstream takes place for a consonant
labial poa
bilabial - lips come together
labiodental - teeth come together with lips
interdental
tip of tongue between the upper and lower front teeth
alveloar
made at alveolar ridge, where we make most of our sounds
/t, d, s, z, n, l/
palatal
/sh, ch, j, y, r, vi(s)ion/
body of the tongue raised aganist the hard palate
velar
/g/, /k/, /ng/
back part of the tongue against the soft palate
glottal
sound made at the glottis or larynx
/h/
manner of articulation
how the airstream is modified
the way in which the airstream is modified to produce a consonant
stop (plosive)
air explodes
air is stopped entirely by completely obstructing the airstream within the oral cavity
bilabial voiceless stop
/p/
bilabial voiced stop
/b/
alveolar voiceless stop
/t/
alveolar voiced stop
/d/
velar voiceless stop
/k/
velar voiced stop
/g/
nasals
produced by lowering the velum while completely obstructing the airstream within the oral cavity; all nasals are voiced
voiced bilabial nasal
/m/
voiced alveolar nasal
/n/
voiced velar nasal
/ng/
fricatives
produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel or constriction in the vocal tract
voiceless labiodental fricative
/f/
voiced labiodental fricative
/v/
voiceless interdental fricative
voiceless /th/ - one with the line through it
voiced interdental fricative
voiced th - one with squiggly line on top
voiceless alveolar fricatice
/s/
voiced alveolar fricative
/z/
voiceless palatal fricative
/sh/ - fancy s
voiced palatal fricative
big 3 - like the s in vision
voiceless glottal fricative
h
affricates
combo of a stop and a fricative
-an affricate is a single phoneme. a stop followed by fricative is a sequence of two phonemes
voiceless palatal affricate
ch - t with squiggly s
voiced palatal affricate
j - d3
approximants
includes liquids and glides
-similar to vowels but they appear in syllables as either onsets or codas
glides
approximant consonants produced with a gliding motion of the articulators - they are always onsets 0 prevocalic
liquids
approximant consonants produced with a stable articulatory setting
voiced labiovelar glide
w
voiced palatal glide
y - which is j in ipa for some reason
voiced alveolar liquid
l
voiced palatal liquid
/r/ or upside down /r/ (reef)
/i/
high, front, tense, unrounded vowels
key
/I/
high, front, lax, unrounded vowel
win, dish
/e/
mid, front, tense, unrounded
rebate
/E/
mid, front, lax, unrounded
red, bet
/ae/
low, front, lax, unrounded
had, bat
upside down e
mid, central, lax, unrounded, unstressed
about, away, cinema
/^/
mid, central, lax, unrounded, stressed
bud, cup, luck
upside down e with squiggly
mid, central, lax, rounded, unstressed
butter, bert
big e with squiggly
mid, central, tense, rounded, stressed
bird, turn, learn
/u/
high, back, tense, rounded
moon, boot
horshoe
high, back, lax, rounded
wood, put, book
o and horshoe
high-mid, back, tense, rounded
okay
/aI/
Diphthong, mid, central
buy/my
a and horseshoe
Diphthong, high-mid, back
how/now
backwards c and I
diphthong, high-mid, central
boy/noise
backwards c
low, mid, back, tense, rounded
law
/a/
low, back, tense, unrounded
cod
acoustics
the study of physical properties of sound
time
in acoustics, time refers to the duration of a sound
frequency
of cycles of a wave completed in one second
pitch
our perception of the fundamental frequency of speech; quality of human speech
intensity
amplitude (loudness) of a sound
waveform
graphical representation of sound in which intensity appears on the y-axis and time appears on this x-axis
sine wave (simple tone)
have one frequency
complex tone (waveform)
has more than one frequency; combo of simpler waves
spectrum
graphical representation of sound in which intensity appears on the y-axis and frequency is on the x-axis
larynx produced the source sound for speech
true
properties of source spectrum
harmonics
fundamental frequency
harmonics
component of frequency in a complex sound
fundamental frequency
the first harmonic
formants
peaks in the spectrum - across multiple harmonics - where intensity for a particular frequency is greater than for surrounding frequencies
fundamental frequency
base frequency or pitch of a person’s voice
vowel acoustics:
waveforms and spectra
low vowels have a _____ F1
high
back vowels have a ____ F2
low
consonant acoustics
VOT and voicing
voice-onset time (VOT)
the time from the burst onset to the start of voicing in the following vowel
burst
the acoustic energy created by the release of the stop
voiced stops have short VOT, voiceless stops have long VOT
VOT signals the voicing features of stop
how do you tell the difference between pear and bear?
voice onset time!
voice bar
-is the fundamental frequency in a spectogram
-the vocal chords are moing weven when your mouth is closed
what is the difference between ape and abe?
the voice bar in abe
formant transition
changes to the trajectory of a formant caused by the place of articulation of an adjacent consonant
what acoustic cue helps us hear the difference between abe and aid?
formant transitions
formant transitions indicate place of artic. for
initial, medial, and final stops
fricatives
broadband noise resulting from the turbulence from a constriction in the vocal tract
/s/ has
the most noise high up on the spectrum
sh has
a lower noise than s
/f/ and voiceless th look similar and this is why
kids sometimes pronounce one for the other
voiceless fricatives
have a greater energy due to turbulence
voiced fricatives
have energy from voicing (vertical striations) and a voice bar but less noise from turbulence
sibilant fricatives
-alveolar and palatal fricatives
-have greater intensity than other fricatives, including more well-defined spectral shapes
/s, sh, z, and vision/
non-sibilant fricatives
have less intensity than other fricatives
diffuse noise across from a larger number of frequecies
/f, v, voiced and voiceless th, h/
affricates
nasal formants are
nasal fromants are typically very low
glides
liquids
what sounds are typical for 2 years old?
b, d, h, m, n, and p
what sounds are typical for 3 year olds?
f, g, k, t, w,ng
what sounds are typical for 4 years old?
kw
what sounds are typical for 5 years old?
ch, j, l, s, sh, y, bl, z
what sounds are typical for 6 years old?
r, v, br, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, kl, kr, pl, st, tr
what sounds are typical for 7 years old?
z, sl, sp, sw, th
girls are ____ likely to need intervention for speech
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