motor speech: anatomy Flashcards
cns consists of
brain and spinal cord
pns consists of
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
cerebrum
the largest part of the brain, 4 loves, has sulci & gyri
brainstem (includes what? Important for what? Cranial nerve nuclei-)
-consists of midbrain, pons, and medlla
-important for reflexive actions (respiration & consciousness)
-cranial nerve nuclei are where nerves attach to brain stem through
cerebellum
-located @ back of brainstem
-coordinates voluntary movements
-smooths our rough motor impulses, coordinates them, sends through the primary motor cortex
neurons
most important cell in the nervous system (cell body, dendrites, axon)
nerves
bundles of axons found in PNS
Tracts
bundles of axons in the CNS
Neurotransmitters
released at endpoints once changed each acon terminal ramifications
primary motor cortex
- cortices first analyze sensory info (primary auditory, primary visual, primary sensory)
-receives planned motor impulses (primary motor cortex) - PLANNING DOES NOT HAPPEN HERE, ONLY ACTION
Association cortex
“makes sense” of the sensory impulses that are received
-PLANNING HAPPENS HERE
Thalamus
“doorway” through which subcortical systems communicate with cerebral cortex
- helps coordinate as well
Primary motor cortex
receives neural impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated by basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus
Pyramidal system
carries impulses that control voluntary, fine movement and works at a conscious level
Descending motor tracts
pyramidal system and extrapyramidal system
extrapyramidal system
carries impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements and works at more of an unconscious level
upper motor neurons
-within the CNS
-damage typically results in spasticity
lower motor neurons
- includes cranial and spinal nerves
- damage typically results in muscle paralysis or paresis
what is a motor speech disorder?
- speech disorder as a result of damage to the brain
- includes dysarthria & apraxia
What does dysarthria affect
- ROM (range of motion)
- tonicity
- speed
- accuracy
- coordination–> neuromotor damage to the PNS or CNS
What does apraxia affect
movement
- often associated with damage to left hemisphere
What are the 7 different types of dysarthria?
- flaccid
- spastic
-ataxia
-unilateral upper motor neuron - hypokinetic
- hyperkinetic
mixed
What are the 2 basic methods for evaluation a motor speech disorder? describe?
- instrumentation (objective)- sophisticated devices such as tools and tests to measure components of speech production
- Perceptual analysis (subjective)- relies on clinician’s ears and eyes to judge
What are the 5 components necessary for normal speech production
- respiration
- phonation
- resonance
- articulation
- prosody
6 pairs of cranial nerves needed for speech production
- trigeminal
- facial
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
Trigeminal (V)
- Attached to brainstem @ level of pons, divided into 3 branches (opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)
—-Mandibular branch= most important for speech and innervating muscles in lower jaw and velum - Damage to trigeminal nerve can be unilateral or bilateral
Facial (VII)
- Branches out from brainstem just below trigeminal nerve, dividing into cervicofacial and temprofacial branch
- Damage to facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis in all muscles on same side of faucet, resulting of face, and resulting in drooping of eyelid, mouth, cheek, and other structures
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- Orignitates in brainstem at medulla, coursing out to pharynx
- Plays role inspeech resonance and phonation by shaping pharynx into appropriate positions needed to produce various phonemes correctly
Vagus (X)
ONE OF MOST IMPORTANT CRANIAL NERVES FOR SPEECH & longest
- 3 branches
—-Pharyngeal branch: damage can affect movement of velum, resonance
—-External superior laryngeal branch: damage can affect pitch
—-Recurrent nerve branch: damage can causes breathy phonation
Accessory nerve (XII)
- Originates in medulla below vagus nerve. Innervates intrinsic muscles of the velum, pharynx, and larynx
- Damage will affect vagus bc so close
Hypoglossal (XII)
- Provides motor innervation for all intrinsic and most extrinsic muscles of the tongue
- Damage results in weakness of tongue or paralysis
- Primary characteristics of damage: imprecise articulation, phoneme distortion, or slow lingual movoements
Sprinal nerves important for motor speech production
Phrenic nerve (respiration)
- Damage will generally be widespread to significantly impair respiration
—- Exception: injury to phrenic nerve→paralyzed diaphragm, decreased loudness; shortened breathy or strained vocal quality
