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Biology 2 > Part 1+2 - Chpt 34: Circulation & Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Part 1+2 - Chpt 34: Circulation & Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Exchange happens at the level of the ___

A

cell - across the membranes

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2
Q

Small molecules in and around cells, including O2 and CO2, diffuse

A

down their gradient

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3
Q

____ have sufficient membrane surface area in contact with environment to carry out all necessary exchange via difussion.

A

Single celled organisms

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4
Q

Animals have what that makes diffusion slow?

A

too many cells

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5
Q

Animals with a simple body plan have what two things? list examples of said animals

A
  1. Gastrovascular cavity - the cells directly in contact with environment
  2. Functions in both digestion and respiration
  3. hydras, jellies, flatworms, some invertebrates
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6
Q

Animals with a complex body plan have what two characteristics? list examples of animals

A
  1. a circulatory system
  2. does not function in digestion
  3. most invertebrates like molluscs, arthropods, earthworms and all vertebrates
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7
Q

What is the difference between animals with a simply body plan and a complex body plan?

A

In a simply body plan - the have a gastro cavity and aids in both respiration and digestion
complex = circulatory system and just respiration

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8
Q

What are the 3 elements of a circulatory system?

A
  1. Fluid - blood or hemolymph
  2. Vessels
  3. Pump
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9
Q

What do vessels do?

A

carry fluid around the body

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10
Q

What does a pump do?

A

powers the circulation of fluid through the vessels

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11
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

Closed
Open

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12
Q

List the characteristics of a Closed circulatory system

A
  1. fluid is completely contained within vessels - the materials need to diffuse across the vessel membranes for the cells to acquire them
  2. the circulatory fluid does not mix with interstitial fluid = BLOOD
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13
Q

List the characteristics of an Open circulatory system

A
  1. Fluid escapes vessels through sinuses and bathes cells with materials they need
  2. Circulatory fluid mixes with interstitial fluid = hemolymph
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14
Q

What are sinuses ?

A

spaces that are surrounding organs

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15
Q

What are the 3 compartments of fluid in animal’s body?

A
  1. inside cells
  2. surrounding cells
  3. inside circulatory vessels
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16
Q

What are inside cells?

A

intracellular fluids

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17
Q

What are surrounding cells?

A

extracellular fluid aka interstitial fluid

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18
Q

What are inside circulatory vessels?

A

blood or hemolymph

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19
Q

If inside cells and inside circulatory vessels are mixed, what kind of system is this?

A

Open circulatory system

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20
Q

How do animals circulate oxygen to all cells of the body?

A

within blood vessels

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21
Q

List the 3 steps on how O2 is diffuse in a closed circulatory system.

A
  1. o2 must diffuse across epithelial cells that are lining the blood vessels
  2. across the interstitium
  3. across the cell membrane
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22
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Sheets of cells covering the outside of the body AND
lining organs + cavities

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23
Q

Closed systems allow animals to be ___ and ___ but at a cost

A

bigger
faster

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24
Q

List the 2 steps for how O2 must be diffused in an open circulatory system

A
  1. across the interstitium
  2. across the cell membrane
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25
Q

What is a hemocoel?

A

a body cavity

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26
Q

List the trade offs (+, -) for an Open circulatory system:

A
  1. low hydrostatic pressure
  2. metabolically economical - less energy required for the heart to pump
  3. less efficient regulation of blood flow to organs - it limits to the upper body portion
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27
Q

List the trade offs (+,-) for a closed circulatory system

A
  1. high hydrostatic pressure
  2. metabolically expensive - more energy required for heart to pump
  3. very efficient regulation of blood flow to organs, animals can be larger and more active
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28
Q

What is the most common system and in who?

A

Open circulatory systems
- all arthropods and some molluscs

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29
Q

Who does not have a circulatory system and why?

A

Sponges - no true tissues
Platyhelminthes
Cnidaria - gastrovascular cavity
Echinodermata (star fish) - water vascular system
Nematoda

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30
Q

What system is rare and in who?

A

Closed
Only vertebrates
- some annelid worms and cephalopods (squid/octopus)

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31
Q

Since vertebrate animals are huge and made up of trillion of cells, how do nutrients and oxygen get continuously delivered to every cell of the body and waste removed?

A

Powerful, high pressure closed circulatory systems

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32
Q

Define the cardiovascular system:

A

the heart and blood vessels in vertebrates

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33
Q

Hearts differ across taxonomic groups but

A

the vessels all share the same plan

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34
Q

How does blood flow ?

A

in one direction AWAY from the heart

35
Q

What are steps in how blood flows away from the heart?

A

arteries - arterioles - capillaries

-venules - veins - heart

36
Q

Describe the arterial system

A

moves blood AWAY from the heart and the organs

37
Q

What are arteries?

A

carry blood from the heart to organs throughout the body

38
Q

What are arterioles?

A

smalls vessels that bring blood to capillaries

39
Q

From right to left, describe how blood moves in the arterial system

A

Artery - arteriole - capillaries - venule - vein

40
Q

What do capillaries exchange with?

A

exchange materials with every cell of the body

41
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Microscopic, thin, porous vessels that infiltrate tissues as dense networks (capillary beds)

42
Q

Dissolved respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes are exchanged by?

A

diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid around tissue cells.

43
Q

Venous system moves -

A

blood AWAY from the organs and back to the heart

44
Q

Within organs __ carry blood from the capillaries

A

venules

45
Q

Venules converge into __ that carry blood back to ___

A

veins
heart

46
Q

What do arteries and veins convey?

A

Direction - either away or toward the heart

47
Q

All vertebrate hearts contain two or more

A

muscular chambers

48
Q

What are the names of the two chambers that all vertebrate hearts contain?

A

Atria
Ventricles

49
Q

What are atria?

A

chambers receiving blood entering the heart

50
Q

What are ventricles?

A

chambers pumping blood out of the heart

51
Q

Single circuit systems contain how many pumps and what animals?

A

One pump
water-breathing fish (bony & cartilaginous)

52
Q

Double Circuit circulatory system have how many pumps and what animals?

A

Two pumps
tetrapods - amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

53
Q

Single circulation - water breathing fish;
how many circuits and hearts?

A

1 circuit
2 chambered hearts

54
Q

Describe the process of single circulation in water breathing fish

A
  1. O2 poor (deoxygenated blood) from the body enter the atrium then goes to the ventricle
  2. the ventricles contraction pumps the blood to capillary beds in the gills - this is where O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses out of the blood
  3. Gill capillaries converge into one vessel that carries O2 rich blood to capillary beds throughout the body.
55
Q

How does blood travel around in single circulation? (2)

A
  • around the body and returns to starting point in a single loop
  • passes through two sets of capillary beds before returning to the pump: gills and body tissues
56
Q

What type of pressure is in water breathing single circulation?

A

low pressure - only LP is available to drive blood flow through all the other tissues

57
Q

Describe the process for double circulation in air breathing tetrapods: (2 main steps)

A
  1. Blood moves around the body in two separate loops
  2. Each loop has its own separate pump combined into one organ - the heart
58
Q

Describe the how the blood moves around in two separate loops

The routes

A
  1. Blue route - one moves to the lung capillaries to get rid of CO2 and pick up new O2 - Pulmonary circuit
  2. Red route - one to body tissue capillaries to deliver O2 and pick up CO2 waste - Systemic circuit
59
Q

Blue route =

A

Pulmonary circuit to and from lungs

60
Q

Red route =

A

Systemic route - to everything else

61
Q

Why does having two pumps benefical?

A

two pumps in the same organ simplifies coordination of the pumping cycles

62
Q

Right side =

A

Blue - pulmonary (lungs)

63
Q

Left side =

A

Red - systemic (body tissue loop)

64
Q

What kind of pressure is in double circulation?

A

high pressure

65
Q

What natural selection adaptation has shaped ectotherms?

A

Apneustic

66
Q

What is apneustic?

A
  • intermittent breathers who hold their breath for long periods, fill their lungs periodically with fresh air
  • enable circulatory system to temporarily bypass the lungs
67
Q

What natural selection adaptation has shaped endotherms?

A

Eupneustic

68
Q

What is eupneustic?

A

continuous breathers
use 10x more energy than equally sized ectotherms
- enable circulatory system to constantly deliver large amounts of oxygen and fuel to tissues

69
Q

Double circulation in amphibians- how many circuits? how many chambered hearts?

A

2 Circuits
3 chambered heart

70
Q

Describe the process of double circulation in amphibians

A
  1. Two atria supply blood to a single ventricle
  2. O2 poor blood fills the right atrium from the body
  3. O2 rich blood simultaneously fills the left atrium from the lungs AND SKIN
71
Q

Are the two circuits in amphibians seperate?

A

No, there is mixing of O2 rich and poor blood in the single ventricle

72
Q

Define spiral value

A

ridge within ventricle that diverts most O2 rich blood into the systemic circuit and most of the O2 poor blood into the lung circuit
- only known for amphibians

73
Q

What is the advantage for a spiral value?

A

incomplete separation of ventricle allows submerged frog to shut off blood flow temporary to the ineffective lungs
- blood flow happens through the skin and the skin is the only site for gas exchange (saves some energy)

74
Q

How many circuits and chambers in double circulation for birds and mammals?

A

2 circuits
4 chambered hearts

75
Q

How does the cardiac cycle work?

A

Heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle
Diastole
Systole

75
Q

Describe the process for double circulation in mammals and birds

A
  1. no mixing of blood! - septum
  2. large powerful 4 chambered heart with 2 atria and 2 ventricles
76
Q

What is Diastole?

A

relaxation phase - chamber fills with blood

77
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction phase - chambers pump out blood

78
Q

Atrial and Ventricular systoles are

A

out of phase

79
Q

Why are atrial and ventricular systoles out of phase?

A
  1. prevents ventricles from contracting before the atria has finished
  2. allows directionally blood flow - always forward and never backward
  3. one way values for chambers and blood vessels that prevent back flow as chambers contact
80
Q

The heart is __

A

auto-rhythmic meaning its self excitable and set its own pace
- doesn’ t need the nervous system to tell itself to beat

81
Q

Respiratory systems transport -

A

O2 into the body
CO2 out of the body

82
Q

Circulatory system tranports

A

O2 and nutrients internal - as close as possible to every cell
- collects and transports waste from every cell to organ systems for removal

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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