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Biology 2 > Chpt 38 - Part 1 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chpt 38 - Part 1 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neural circuit

A

a pathway of information transfer between individual, interconnected neurons

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2
Q

Give an example of a neural circuit

A

Convergence - eyes

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3
Q

Define nervous systems

A

neural circuits together with supporting cells

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4
Q

Who has the simplest nervous system?

A

Hydras and other cnidarians

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5
Q

How does the nervous system work in small, radial bodies like hydras and other cnidarians?

A
  • have individual interconnected neurons that form a diffuse nerve net
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6
Q

What do nerve nets do ?

A

control contraction and expansion of gastrovascular cavity

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7
Q

Elongated bilaterally symmetrical animals have more complex nervous systems that include

A
  1. cephalization
  2. nerves
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8
Q

Define cephalization

A

-clustering of interneurons at the anterior (front) end of the body that carries out integration
…what creates a central nervous system (CNS)
- often includes a brain and a clustering of sensory neurons

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9
Q

How do they CNS work in planarians and other non segmented worms?

A
  • small brain
  • longitudinal nerve cords
    -simplest out of the other two complex CNS
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10
Q

What are nerves?

A
  • neuron axons bundled together into fibrous channels that organization info flow around the body …. Peripheral nervous system
  • nerves carry info toward and away from the CNS
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11
Q

What do invertebrates have?

A

A ventral nerve cord

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12
Q

What is a ventral nerve cord?

A
  • along the underside
  • coordinates neural signaling between brain and body in both directions
  • major structure of the insect nervous system
  • contains ganglia
  • functional equivalent of the dorsal spinal cord in vertebrates
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13
Q

Define ganglia

A

clusters of neurons that serve as relay points in informational transfer
- segmented

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14
Q

What do vertebrates have?

A

A dorsal nerve (spinal) cord

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15
Q

What is a dorsal nerve (spinal) cord?

A
  • Runs along the backside
  • coordinates neural signaling between brain and body in both directions
  • contain sensory ganglia
  • functional equivalent to the ventral nerve cord in insects
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16
Q

Brain + Spinal cord =

A

Central nervous sytem

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17
Q

Nerves + sensory ganglia =

A

Peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

What are the 4 examples of animal nervous systems discussed in class?

A
  1. hydra
  2. planetaria, worms
  3. insects
  4. salamander - vertebrate
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19
Q

What is the vertebrate nervous system composed of?

A
  1. Peripheral nervous system
  2. Central nervous system
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20
Q

Sensory information reaches the CNS along the __

A

afferent PNS neurons

21
Q

Following info processing by the CNS, instructions travel to effectors along __

A

efferent PNS neurons

22
Q

What are the two major divisions in the Peripheral efferent?

A
  1. motor system
  2. autonomic system
23
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system control?

A

smooth muscles
cardiac muscles
glands (endocrine system)

24
Q

What does the motor system do?

A

Regulation of skeleton muscles ONLY
Voluntary + Reflexes

25
Q

What does the autonomic system do?

A

-regulation of cardiac and smooth muscles
- involuntary
- splits into three sub divisions

26
Q

What are the 3 sub divisions of the autonomic system?

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric
27
Q

Sympathetic + Parasympathetic have

A

complimentary antagonistic (opposite) effects on organs they both have connection to

28
Q

What do Sympathetic neurons do?

A
  • promote a state of hyperarousal (fight or flight)
  • heart beats faster, digestion slows, pupils dilate
28
Q

What do Parasympathetic neurons do?

A

-promote a state of calming and self maintenance
- rest and digest
- heart beat slows, digestion up regulated (increases) pupils constrict.

28
Q

What is the Enteric system?

A
  • neurons that carry signals to smooth muscles to regulate organs of the digestive system ONLY
  • own distinct network of neurons
29
Q

What does the Enteric nervous system do?

A
  • can act completely independently of input from any other component of the vertebrate NS
  • tho it interacts with the autonomic NS to regulate digestion when appropriate
  • Second brain (probably evolved first)!
30
Q

What is the vertebrate brain composed of?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Mid brain
  3. Hindbrain
31
Q

What does the hind brain do?

A
  • reflex responses
  • homeostatic functions
32
Q

What does the mid brain do?

A

Sensor routing and integrating center
signals/coordination

33
Q

What does the fore brain do?

A

integration center
learning, memory, emotions
complex processing tasks

34
Q

What part of the brain is the hypothalmus?

A

mid brain

35
Q

What are the 3 patterns to recognize when it comes to vertebrate brains?

A
  1. Birds & mammals have 6-10x larger brains than similarly sized reptiles
  2. Bony fishes and birds have large midbrains since they are swimming and flying
  3. Midbrain is smaller in mammals but the forebrain is larger
    3a. midbrain is larger in birds
36
Q

What is another name for the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum

37
Q

What is the most superficial outer layer called?

A

Cerebral cortex

38
Q

What is the cerebral cortex made up of?

A

Gray matter - clusters of neuronal cell bodies

39
Q

What does the cerebral cortex control?

A
  • voluntary movements and cognitive functions like
    Sensory areas
    Association areas
    Motor areas
40
Q

What are sensory areas?

A

receive and process sensory info from afferent neurons
- visual

41
Q

What is the association area?

A

areas that integrate info and make decisions using interneurons
prefrontal cortex

42
Q

What is the last to develop in kids brains?

A

the association area - prelobal front

43
Q

What is the motor area?

A

transmit instructions to other parts of the body via efferent neurons
motor cortex

44
Q

What are the 4 lobes in the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
45
Q

What is laterlization?

A

since each lobe has specialized functions that are very different depending on the left or right side

46
Q

Define cognitive ability

A

correlated with the degree of convolutedness (complexity)
- highest in primates and cetaceans
dolphins and whales greatest primates

47
Q

If any animal has more lumps, ridges, and bumps (folds) what can we infer?

A

that they are more social and more smatter
have complexity to them

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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