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Biology 2 > Chapter 27 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 - Part 2 Flashcards

Diversification of Animals

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1
Q

What location was important for the diversification of animal life during the Cambrian explosion?

A

Early oceans

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2
Q

Intense diversification of ___ animals began about 530 MYA.

A

bilateral

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3
Q

what animal species is 95-97% of the population?

A

invertebrates

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4
Q

what is the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among groups of organisms?

A

Phylogeny

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5
Q

What is the big takeaway from Clade Metazoa?

A

all animals share a common ancestor

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6
Q

What is the big takeaway from Phylum Porifera?

A

basal group, sponges are the sister group to all other animals

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7
Q

What is the big takeaway from Clade Eumetazoa?

A

all animals except for sponges are “true animals” because they have tissues.

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8
Q

What is the big takeaway from Clade Bilateria?

A

most animals are bilaterians with the presence of 3 germ layers.

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9
Q

What is the only animal phylum that includes animals with a backbone?

A

Phylum Chordata

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10
Q

Do phylum Mollusca have segmented or unsegmented bodies?

A

Unsegmented, soft bodies

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11
Q

What do all Phylum Mollusca have?

A
  1. Muscular foot
  2. Visceral Mass
  3. Mantle
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12
Q

What is a muscular foot?

A

used for movement
bottom part of a snail

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13
Q

What is visceral mass?

A

The part where it contains most of their internal organs

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14
Q

What is a mantle?

A

a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell (if one is present).

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15
Q

List some examples of animals in Phylum Mollusca:

A

octopus, sea slugs, squid, snails, bivalves (clam)

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16
Q

What is the most species rich Phylum?

A

Arthropoda

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17
Q

Who were the first animals to colonize land?

A

Arthropoda

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18
Q

What do members of Phylum Arthropoda have?

A
  1. segmented, hard exoskeletons
  2. jointed appendages
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19
Q

List some examples of Phylum Arthropoda:

A

insects, crustaceans, spiders, barnacles, scorpions, crabs

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20
Q

Vertebrates are part of what Phlyum?

A

Chordata

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21
Q

What phylum are humans part of ?

A

Chordata

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22
Q

What makes an animal a Chordate?

A

by possessing 5 synapomorphies

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23
Q

what are Synapomorphies?

A

Shared primary characteristics during a point during their larval or adulthood stages that distinguish them from all other taxa

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24
Q

What are the 5 synapomorphies?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve
  3. Pharyngeal slits
  4. Thyroid
  5. Post anal tail
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25
Q

What is a notochord?

A

develops into the spinal column - bony spine in vertebrates

26
Q

what is a dorsal hollow nerve cord?

A

develops into the central nervous system (the brain + spinal cord)

27
Q

What are Pharyngeal silts?

A

they develop into craniofacial features such as the jaw, ears, tonsils, and thymus

28
Q

What is a thyroid?

A

endocrine gland that regulates metabolism, body temperature, and protein synthesis

29
Q

What is a post anal - tail?

A

muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus

30
Q

Are all chordates vertebrates?

A

NO!! Lancelets and Tunicates are not

31
Q

Vertebrates are chordates that have:

A

A backbone, a skull, a well-defined head with a brain, and sensory organs

32
Q

What are cyclostomes and list the examples

A

Jawless vertebrates that appeared 500 MYA
Ex’s: hagfish and Lamprey

33
Q

What are Gnathostomes?

A

Jawed vertebrates that appeared 440 MYA
ex’s: Chondrichthyes, actinipterygii, lobe-fins

34
Q

What are Class Chondrichthyes?

A

Cartilaginous fishes (their skeleton is made out of cartilage) and this is a diagnostic feature

35
Q

List some examples of class Chondrichthyes.

A

Sharks
rays

36
Q

What is Class Actinopterygii?

A
  • Bony fishes (skeleton is made out of calcified bone)
  • Ray finned fishes (this supports the finds that stick up or on the sides)
37
Q

What is the most species rich CLASS in vertebrates?

A

Actinopterygii - the bony and ray finned fishes

38
Q

List characteristics of Lobe Fins:

A
  • Phylum Chordate
    -fish with fleshy limb-like fins
39
Q

List characteristics of Tetrapods

A

Animals with digits + limbs (at some point in their development)

40
Q

What counts as a “limb”?

A

Jointed appendage supported by a bony skeleton

41
Q

What classes are include in Tetrapods?

A

Amphibia
Mammalia
Reptilia
Aves (birds)

42
Q

What were the 3 opportunities of colonizing land?

A
  1. More oxygen
  2. New + Plentiful food sources
  3. Less competition (initially)
43
Q

What were the 3 challenges of colonizing land?

A
  1. scarce water availability
  2. less stable temperature’s
  3. gravity
44
Q

Why where arthropod’s so good at colonizing land?

A
  1. Jointed, paired appendages
  2. Body covered completely with a cuticle
45
Q

Why are jointed, paired appendages so important for arthropod’s?

A
  • originally for walking and swimming
  • modified/specialized for feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, defense
46
Q

Why is a body covered in a cuticle so important for arthropod’s? (4 reasons)

A

It provides their exoskeleton with versatility
- protection (thick & rigid parts)
- points of appendage muscle attachment (thin & flexible parts)
- relatively impermeable to water - prevents desiccation
- strong anti-gravity support w/o the buoyancy of water

47
Q

Lobe fins gradually evolved into what?

A

limbs and feet of tetrapods which support animal’s weight
- transmit to ground for walking

48
Q

What are the other 3 adaptations that made vertebrates successfully colonize land?

A
  1. Neck ( head can move around as well)
  2. pelvic girdle
  3. rib cage (more efficient for breathing)
49
Q

What was the key evolutionary innovation for extensive colonization of dry habitats by vertebrate animals?

A

Amniotic egg

50
Q

What do amniotic eggs provide?

A

own private pond (allows them to develop)

51
Q

What are the 4 key adaptations for reptiles and birds?

A
  1. protective scales
  2. internal fertilization, lay shelled eggs on land
  3. most are ectothermic, absorbing env. heat to regulate body temp.
  4. birds are endothermic
52
Q

What are amniotes?

A

mammals, birds, reptiles that have an amniotic egg

53
Q

What are birds… ectothermic or endothermic?

A

endothermic which means using their metabolism to regulate body temperature

54
Q

What are the 6 key adaptations traits for mammals?

A
  1. mammary glands
  2. hair and layer of fat underneath the skin
  3. kidneys
  4. endothermic
  5. large brains
  6. various types of modified teeth
55
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

produce milk for offspring

56
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

conserve water during waste removal

57
Q

What are the 3 major lineages of mammals?

A
  1. monotremes
  2. marsupials
  3. eutherians
58
Q

What are monotremes?

A
  • egg laying
  • produce milk (through armpits) but lack nipples
  • only in Australia & New Guinea
  • only 5 species today
59
Q

What are marsupials?

A
  • offspring born underdeveloped
  • mature in pouch while nursing from nipple
  • few hundred species
60
Q

Give an example of some marsupials

A

Possum
kangaroo
koalas

61
Q

what are eutherians?

A
  • placental mammals
  • born more developed than marsupials
  • include primates
    > 5,000 species
62
Q

list some examples of eutherians

A
  • whales
  • rodents
  • humans

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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