Chapter 27 - Part 2

Question 1

What location was important for the diversification of animal life during the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 1

Early oceans

Question 2

Intense diversification of ___ animals began about 530 MYA.

Answer 2

bilateral

Question 3

what animal species is 95-97% of the population?

Answer 3

invertebrates

Question 4

what is the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among groups of organisms?

Answer 4

Phylogeny

Question 5

What is the big takeaway from Clade Metazoa?

Answer 5

all animals share a common ancestor

Question 6

What is the big takeaway from Phylum Porifera?

Answer 6

basal group, sponges are the sister group to all other animals

Question 7

What is the big takeaway from Clade Eumetazoa?

Answer 7

all animals except for sponges are “true animals” because they have tissues.

Question 8

What is the big takeaway from Clade Bilateria?

Answer 8

most animals are bilaterians with the presence of 3 germ layers.

Question 9

What is the only animal phylum that includes animals with a backbone?

Answer 9

Phylum Chordata

Question 10

Do phylum Mollusca have segmented or unsegmented bodies?

Answer 10

Unsegmented, soft bodies

Question 11

What do all Phylum Mollusca have?

Answer 11

1. Muscular foot
2. Visceral Mass
3. Mantle

Question 12

What is a muscular foot?

Answer 12

used for movement
bottom part of a snail

Question 13

What is visceral mass?

Answer 13

The part where it contains most of their internal organs

Question 14

What is a mantle?

Answer 14

a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell (if one is present).

Question 15

List some examples of animals in Phylum Mollusca:

Answer 15

octopus, sea slugs, squid, snails, bivalves (clam)

Question 16

What is the most species rich Phylum?

Answer 16

Arthropoda

Question 17

Who were the first animals to colonize land?

Answer 17

Arthropoda

Question 18

What do members of Phylum Arthropoda have?

Answer 18

1. segmented, hard exoskeletons
2. jointed appendages

Question 19

List some examples of Phylum Arthropoda:

Answer 19

insects, crustaceans, spiders, barnacles, scorpions, crabs

Question 20

Vertebrates are part of what Phlyum?

Answer 20

Chordata

Question 21

What phylum are humans part of ?

Answer 21

Chordata

Question 22

What makes an animal a Chordate?

Answer 22

by possessing 5 synapomorphies

Question 23

what are Synapomorphies?

Answer 23

Shared primary characteristics during a point during their larval or adulthood stages that distinguish them from all other taxa

Question 24

What are the 5 synapomorphies?

Answer 24

1. Notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve
3. Pharyngeal slits
4. Thyroid
5. Post anal tail

Question 25

What is a notochord?

Answer 25

develops into the spinal column - bony spine in vertebrates

Question 26

what is a dorsal hollow nerve cord?

Answer 26

develops into the central nervous system (the brain + spinal cord)

Question 27

What are Pharyngeal silts?

Answer 27

they develop into craniofacial features such as the jaw, ears, tonsils, and thymus

Question 28

What is a thyroid?

Answer 28

endocrine gland that regulates metabolism, body temperature, and protein synthesis

Question 29

What is a post anal - tail?

Answer 29

muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus

Question 30

Are all chordates vertebrates?

Answer 30

NO!! Lancelets and Tunicates are not

Question 31

Vertebrates are chordates that have:

Answer 31

A backbone, a skull, a well-defined head with a brain, and sensory organs

Question 32

What are cyclostomes and list the examples

Answer 32

Jawless vertebrates that appeared 500 MYA Ex's: hagfish and Lamprey

Question 33

What are Gnathostomes?

Answer 33

Jawed vertebrates that appeared 440 MYA ex's: Chondrichthyes, actinipterygii, lobe-fins

Question 34

What are Class Chondrichthyes?

Answer 34

Cartilaginous fishes (their skeleton is made out of cartilage) and this is a diagnostic feature

Question 35

List some examples of class Chondrichthyes.

Answer 35

Sharks rays

Question 36

What is Class Actinopterygii?

Answer 36

- Bony fishes (skeleton is made out of calcified bone) - Ray finned fishes (this supports the finds that stick up or on the sides)

Question 37

What is the most species rich CLASS in vertebrates?

Answer 37

Actinopterygii - the bony and ray finned fishes

Question 38

List characteristics of Lobe Fins:

Answer 38

- Phylum Chordate -fish with fleshy limb-like fins

Question 39

List characteristics of Tetrapods

Answer 39

Animals with digits + limbs (at some point in their development)

Question 40

What counts as a "limb"?

Answer 40

Jointed appendage supported by a bony skeleton

Question 41

What classes are include in Tetrapods?

Answer 41

Amphibia Mammalia Reptilia Aves (birds)

Question 42

What were the 3 opportunities of colonizing land?

Answer 42

1. More oxygen 2. New + Plentiful food sources 3. Less competition (initially)

Question 43

What were the 3 challenges of colonizing land?

Answer 43

1. scarce water availability 2. less stable temperature's 3. gravity

Question 44

Why where arthropod's so good at colonizing land?

Answer 44

1. Jointed, paired appendages 2. Body covered completely with a cuticle

Question 45

Why are jointed, paired appendages so important for arthropod's?

Answer 45

- originally for walking and swimming - modified/specialized for feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, defense

Question 46

Why is a body covered in a cuticle so important for arthropod's? (4 reasons)

Answer 46

It provides their exoskeleton with versatility - protection (thick & rigid parts) - points of appendage muscle attachment (thin & flexible parts) - relatively impermeable to water - prevents desiccation - strong anti-gravity support w/o the buoyancy of water

Question 47

Lobe fins gradually evolved into what?

Answer 47

limbs and feet of tetrapods which support animal's weight - transmit to ground for walking

Question 48

What are the other 3 adaptations that made vertebrates successfully colonize land?

Answer 48

1. Neck ( head can move around as well) 2. pelvic girdle 3. rib cage (more efficient for breathing)

Question 49

What was the key evolutionary innovation for extensive colonization of dry habitats by vertebrate animals?

Answer 49

Amniotic egg

Question 50

What do amniotic eggs provide?

Answer 50

own private pond (allows them to develop)

Question 51

What are the 4 key adaptations for reptiles and birds?

Answer 51

1. protective scales 2. internal fertilization, lay shelled eggs on land 3. most are ectothermic, absorbing env. heat to regulate body temp. 4. birds are endothermic

Question 52

What are amniotes?

Answer 52

mammals, birds, reptiles that have an amniotic egg

Question 53

What are birds... ectothermic or endothermic?

Answer 53

endothermic which means using their metabolism to regulate body temperature

Question 54

What are the 6 key adaptations traits for mammals?

Answer 54

1. mammary glands 2. hair and layer of fat underneath the skin 3. kidneys 4. endothermic 5. large brains 6. various types of modified teeth

Question 55

What are mammary glands?

Answer 55

produce milk for offspring

Question 56

What do kidneys do?

Answer 56

conserve water during waste removal

Question 57

What are the 3 major lineages of mammals?

Answer 57

1. monotremes 2. marsupials 3. eutherians

Question 58

What are monotremes?

Answer 58

- egg laying - produce milk (through armpits) but lack nipples - only in Australia & New Guinea - only 5 species today

Question 59

What are marsupials?

Answer 59

- offspring born underdeveloped - mature in pouch while nursing from nipple - few hundred species

Question 60

Give an example of some marsupials

Answer 60

Possum kangaroo koalas

Question 61

what are eutherians?

Answer 61

- placental mammals - born more developed than marsupials - include primates > 5,000 species

Question 62

list some examples of eutherians

Answer 62

- whales - rodents - humans