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Biology 2 > Chapter 32 - Part 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 32 - Part 1 + 2 Flashcards

Keeping the animal body organized + who controls the control system?

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1
Q

How do animals keep their internal environment stable, even as the environment outside fluctuates?

A
  • Specialization of cells which have a devoted specific activity
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2
Q

What do internal control (organ) systems do ?

A

it keeps the animal body in homeostasis
- digestive system

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3
Q

What are animals bodies characterized by?

A

layers of organization

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4
Q

List the layers of organization (smallest to largest)

A
  1. cells
  2. tissues
  3. organs
  4. organ systems
  5. organism
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5
Q

Sponges are part of what branch?

A

Metazoa

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6
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A
  1. connective
  2. epithelial
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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7
Q

What does the nervous tissue do?

A

receipt, processing, and transmission of information

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8
Q

What do the nervous tissues form?

A

the brain

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9
Q

What are the two major cell types in nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. gila
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10
Q

What are neurons?

A

they initiate & transmit electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles, or other cells

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11
Q

What is Gila?

A

Support neurons via nourishment, insulation, replenishment
- modulate (balance) neuron function

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12
Q

What does the muscle tissue do ?

A

contractile (contracts) tissue for physical movement of body parts or organs

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13
Q

What do all muscle tissues have?

A

proteins actin and myosin

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14
Q

What 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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15
Q

Vertebrates have what type of muscle tissue?

A

all 3, with the proteins actin + myosin
- skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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16
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary movement of the skeleton
sensory organs (eyes, ears)
note ears move with sound

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17
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

the beating of the heart

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18
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

pushes forward and/or mixes contents of organs or tubes of the body

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19
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Sheets of cells covering the outside of the body AND
lining organs + cavities

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20
Q

What are the two sides of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical
basal

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21
Q

What is apical surface?

A
  • belongs to epithelial tissue
  • faces lumen (cavity) or outside of organ
    -exposed to fluid and air
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22
Q

What is basal surface?

A
  • belongs to epithelial tissue
  • attached to extracellular matrix that connects to underlying tissue
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23
Q

What are the two important functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Barrier against injury, foreign pathogens, fluid loss
  2. interfaces with external + internal environments
24
Q

What does the function of interfaces with external + internal environments mean? (its an example)

A

ex is in the digestive system, its the absorption of nutrients and secretion of juices/enzymes

25
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, forming a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly-like, or solid foundation.

26
Q

What do connective tissues contain?

A
  1. fibroblasts - cells that secrete collagen
  2. macrophages - cells that engulf foreign particles + cell debris
27
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue? (6 types)

A
  1. loose - anchor for skin + other organs
  2. fibrous - tendons +ligaments
  3. Adipose - stores fat
  4. cartilage
  5. bone
  6. blood
28
Q

what is adipose?

A
  • a type of connective tissue that stores fat
29
Q

How do all the these different systems (tissues & organs) know how to act together to help execute complex functions?

A

the two systems that control and coordinate all other systems
- endocrine and nervous systems

30
Q

Who is the dominate control system?

A

nervous system

31
Q

How do endocrine and nervous system work together?

A

in a complimentary fashion, depending on the desired behavior

32
Q

List some characteristics of the Endocrine system (hint 6)

A
  1. wireless - just throws it throughout the body
  2. messenger is = chemical (hormones)
  3. Organs = glands and some isolated cells
  4. Transmission via blood
  5. Slow
  6. duration of effects = long lasting
33
Q

List some characteristics of the Nervous system (hint 6)

A
  1. Wired - direct line - specific targets
  2. Messenger = electrical (action/nerve impusle)
  3. Organs = brain, spinal cord/ring
  4. Transmission via nerve cells (neuron)
  5. extremely fast
  6. extremely short - lived
34
Q

In the endocrine system, how do the hormones affect cells when a signal is thrown out?

A

the cells must have Receptors for that hormone that was thrown out in the first step

35
Q

In the nervous system, how do the cells know when a nerve impulse is sent out ?

A

through Synapse - the neuron carrying the signal (they share a physical junction)

36
Q

In the endocrine system, how can the same hormone produce different effects in different cells?

A
  1. the receptor type (beta or alpha)
  2. signal transduction pathway
37
Q

How can an endocrine pathway turned on ?

A

3 mechanisms
1. simple endocrine
2. simple neuroendocrine
3. neuroendocrine hormone cascade

38
Q

how is an endocrine pathway turned off?

A
  1. negative feedback loop
  2. positive feedback loop
39
Q

What is simple endocrine pathway?

A

a molecule or ion that directly stimulates endocrine cells

40
Q

What is a simple neuroendocrine pathway?

A

the Nervous system (NS) stimulates one set of endocrine cells

41
Q

What is a neuroendocrine hormone cascade?

A

the nervous system (NS) stimulates a series of endocrine cells

42
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

dampens the stimulus to maintain homeostasis
BACK TO NORMAL

43
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

amplifies the stimulus until the loop is broken/ to completion
- SNOWBALL effect

44
Q

Give an example of a negative feedback loop:

A

glucose level
eating = glucose is released
fasting = blood sugar is low, glucose is low

45
Q

Give an example of a positive feedback loop:

A

a women giving birth
how it would break is the baby being born

46
Q

who is more common and who is more rare in the two types of feedback loop

A

negative is very common
positive is rare

47
Q

What does the negative feedback loop promote?

A
  1. stability
  2. performance + fitness
48
Q

what does stability mean in terms of the negative feedback loop?

A

limits fluctuations to within a very narrow range (homeostatic)
ex: hot and cold within the body

49
Q

What does performance + fitness mean in terms of the negative feedback loop?

A

it restores the conditions close to ideal operating parameters such as blood pressure, sugar levels (glucose)

50
Q

List the 3 characteristics of positive feedback loop

A
  1. it drives a process to completion by creating an even greater response to the stimulus
  2. mostly destructive - heart failure
  3. a few are beneficial such as labor or vomiting
51
Q

Give an example of simple endocrine signaling:

A

neutralization of stomach acid during digestion
once you are done eating - don’t need as much acid so want to bring that down to “normal” levels

52
Q

Give an example of Neuroendocrine signaling:

A

Breastfeeding in mammals

53
Q

What does the neuroendocrine signaling usually involves what?

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

Give an example of Neuroendocrine signaling - hormone cascade:

A

metabolism regulation

55
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

part of the brain that produces hormones in response to specific signals from other parts of the brain

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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