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Biology 2 > Chpt 38 - Part 2 - Sensory systems > Flashcards

Chpt 38 - Part 2 - Sensory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory information reaches CNS along ___ PNS neurons

A

Afferent (happens first)

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2
Q

Following info processing by the CNS, instructions travel to effectors along ___ PNS neurons.

A

Efferent

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3
Q

What is stimulus?

A

a detectable change in the environment

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4
Q

What is sensory cell?

A

a cell that contains receptors for detecting stimuli, and the machinery for coding that info and transmitting it to the CNS

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5
Q

What are receptors?

A

proteins embedded in sensory cell membrane that are stimulated by specific types of stimuli (modalities)

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6
Q

What are the 7 receptor modalities?

A
  1. Photoreceptors = visible light
  2. Mechanoreceptors = mechanical energy like sounds or skin (tactile pressure)
  3. Thermoreceptors = heat and cold
  4. Chemoreceptors = specific chemicals
  5. Nocireceptors = tissue damage (pain)
  6. Electroreceptors = electrical fields
  7. Magnetoreceptors = magnetic fields
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7
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

converting the original stimulus modality into a change in sensory cell’s membrane potential (generation of a receptor potential)

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8
Q

What is sensory transmission?

A

Generation of action potentials that travel through the nervous system as nerve impulses into the CNS

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9
Q

Does frequency or height of bumps change regarding APS?

A

just frequency changes

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10
Q

Stimulus intensity alters the transmission of action potentials to the CNS: A ___ stimulus increases the size of the receptor potential __ resulting in more

A

Stronger
Frequent APS

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11
Q

When AP’s reach the brain via afferent sensory neurons, circuits of ___ form constructions in the brain that do no exist outside it.

A

interneurons

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12
Q

What does perception include?

A

Colors
smells
sounds

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13
Q

How does the brain distinguish sights from smells from sounds based on APS (action potentials)?

A

The brain distinguishes stimuli based on the path of neurons along which the APS have arrived, and the region of the brain those APs are mapped into.

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14
Q

Sensory pathways encode stimulus ___ and ___.

A

modality
location

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15
Q

What is the theory of labeled lines?

A
  • Phantom limb
    1. sensory info from a group of receptors (sensory units) moves through the same, specific pathways of neurons to synapse with a single afferent neuron
    2. CNS knows what this is (pain in an missing limb)
    3. animal experiences a sensation
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16
Q

What are the 4 steps to sensation of a Stimulus?

A
  1. Sensory reception
  2. Sensory transduction
  3. Sensory transmission
  4. Sensory perception and then adaptation
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17
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A
  • turning on and off a light - notice it for a movement and then don’t
  • Receptors fire again when there is a change in the stimulus - they notice the relative difference - not the absolute value
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18
Q

What is light?

A

electromagnetic radiation of energy packets (photons) that radiate outward from their source in a wavelike fashion

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19
Q

Light detectors in the animal kingdom range from simple clusters of cells that detect only __ and ___, of light to complex organs that form __.

A

Direction
Intensity
Images

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20
Q

All light detectors contain what?

A

Photoreceptors

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21
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

sensory cells that contain light absorbing pigment molecules

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22
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A
  • photons radiate at different wave lengths from the longest to shortest
  • different wavelengths of light are perceived as different colors
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23
Q

List the 3 types of light detection in 3 types of animals:

A
  1. Eyespots in Planarians - pinpoints that are good at detecting direction & intensity of light
  2. Compound Eyes in Arthropods - several thousands light detectors - see fuzzy images but good at detecting movement
  3. Single lens eyes in jellies, spiders, molluscs - works like a camera
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24
Q

What do all vertebrates have?

A

Single lens eyes

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25
Q

How does photo transduction happen?

A

when light enters through the pupil and is focused onto the retina on the back of the eye

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26
Q

Where are photoreceptors found?

A

in the back of the eye

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27
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Rods + cones
- sensory cells that generate APS in response to light
-then the send those APS to the brain via the optic nerve

28
Q

Middle layers of interneurons are important for ___

A

signal processing

29
Q

List the characteristics of Rods

A
  1. Night vision
  2. extremely sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors - see shades of gray
  3. Fuzzy image
30
Q

List the characteristics of Cones

A
  1. Daytime vision
  2. Much less sensitive to light - provides color vision
  3. Sharp, detailed image
31
Q

In humans, what do we have more of?

A

rods

32
Q

What is touch? (tactility)

A

Mechanoreceptors in the skin that detect contact with objects in external enviornment.

33
Q

What is the stimulus?

A

Mechanical force

34
Q

How many types of tactile receptors do humans have? (most animals do too)

A

5

35
Q

What do Vibrissae/ Whiskers?

A
  • heavily innervated and vascularized
  • creates a touch map - detailing location & movement of nearby objects
36
Q

What is sound?

A

Pressure waves of molecules that radiate outward from their source in a wavelike fashion

37
Q

___ ear funnels sound waves to __ ear

A

Outer
middle

38
Q

What do middle ears do?

A

amplifies the waves before passing to fluid-filled inner ear for transduction

39
Q

Sensory hair cells containing receptors sit on what? and inside what?

A

basilar membrane
cochlea

40
Q

How does transduction happen in the ear?

A

When the sensory hair cells bump into the overlying tectorial membrane

41
Q

Different frequencies of sound strike the basilar membrane at different locations - causing only those hair cells to transmit APS.

A

We experience pitches based on which hair cells fire
pitches include high, medium, and low

42
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

sense of balance

43
Q

Where are semi circular canals and what do they do?

A

inner ear deflect sensory hair cells when the head or body change direction or acceleration

44
Q

What do most invertebrates rely on ?

A

Mechanoreceptors called statocysts

45
Q

What are statoliths?

A

grains of sand or other dense materials that sit freely in a chamber lined with ciliated receptor cells

46
Q

In snakes, how do thermoreceptors work?

A

allows them to detect heat radiating from warm prey at a distance

47
Q

In humans, thermoreceptors are not what? and instead what?

A

Clustered into a sensory organ
- exist as free nerve endings in the skin

48
Q

How can be receptors be fooled and respond to non-temperature stimuli?

A
  1. capsaicin
  2. menthol
49
Q

what is capsaicin?

A

chemical in hot peppers -
activates the same receptors that detect hot food thus spicy food taste hot

50
Q

What is menthol?

A

chemical in mint
activates same receptors that detect cold food, thus menthol tastes cool

51
Q

Nociceptors are not clustered into a sensory organ - instead they are?

A

exist as a free nerve endings in skin

52
Q

Why are nociceptors not adapted to sustained or repetitive stimulation?

A

Need to prevent further damage
get away from pain

53
Q

What two senses help store painful experiences in memory that helps avoid similar situations in the future?

A

smell
taste

54
Q

What are nocireceptors accompanied by?

A

Behavioral responses (withdrawal)
emotional reactions (fear and yelling)

55
Q

What is gustation?

A

taste in food or water - detects tastants

56
Q

What is olfaction?

A

smell (airborne) - detects odorants

57
Q

What are chemoreceptors do?

A

provided a check point for substances available for ingestion
do i want this? yes or ?

58
Q

What are the 6 tastants?

A
  1. glucose = sugar
  2. Na+ = salt
  3. H+ = sour or acid
  4. Glutamate = unami savory meaty
  5. Alkaloids = bitter
  6. Fat
59
Q

Define active electrical sense?

A

electric fish that produce an electric field with a specialized organ

60
Q

Define electroreception

A
  • can be passive or active
  • derived from lateral line in fishes (modified hair cells)
61
Q

What does electroreception detect?

A

weak electric fields produced by muscles and nerves (aps) in other animals

62
Q

What is ampullae of lorenzini?

A
  • extremely sensitive
  • in cartilaginous fishes
  • detects electroreceptionWho
63
Q

Who has electroreception?

A

-monotreme mammals and some amphibians
- sharks, cart fishes
- guiana and tuxici dolphins

64
Q

What is magnetreception?

A

The use of earth’s magnetic field to aid in navigation

65
Q

What type of animals use magnetoreception?

A

migratory animals

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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