Chapter 28 (28.1) start from pg.10 Flashcards
1
Q
List roots purpose:
A
- Anchors plant to the ground
- Absorbs water + minerals
- Stores carbohydrates
2
Q
What is a taproot?
A
long, vertical root that anchors plant firmly in soil
not found in all presents
3
Q
What do taproots provide?
A
they allow top heavy plants to grow taller (structural support)
4
Q
What don’t taproots do?
A
absorb water
5
Q
Where do water absorption happen?
A
- root tips
- lateral roots
6
Q
What do lateral roots have ?
A
Root hairs which are extensions of plant epidermis
7
Q
What are fibrous roots?
A
thin, interweaved roots that spread horizontally under soil surface
8
Q
List some characteristics of fibrous roots:
A
- the primary root dies off early
- still have associated lateral roots and root hairs for water absorption
- have dense mats of roots
9
Q
What are prop roots?
A
Aerial, adventitious roots that support tall plants w/ high mass shoots
10
Q
Give an example of a prop root:
A
corn roots
11
Q
What are storage roots?
A
a root that stores water and food carbohydrates
12
Q
Give an example of a storage root:
A
beets
ginseng
13
Q
What are pneumatophores?
A
Aerial roots specialized for gas exchanges
14
Q
give an example of pneumatophores:
A
mangrove cotton-gum
15
Q
What are strangling roots?
A
aerial that grow tightly around objects and can kill host trees
16
Q
What do strangling roots take advantage of?
A
sunlight
17
Q
List the characteristics of stems:
A
- Lengthen + position shoot
- Lift reproductive structures
- very limited photosynthesis
18
Q
What are the important stem parts?
A
- nodes
- internodes
- apical/terminal buds
- axillary/lateral buds
19
Q
What can axillary buds form?
A
- lateral branches
- thorns
- flowers
20
Q
If you sliced a plant open, what would the eudicot look like?
A
vascular bundles of stem that are arranged in a ring
21
Q
If you sliced a plant open, what would the monocots look like?
A
vascular bundles scattered throughout ground tissues
22
Q
What are rhizomes?
A
Horizontal underground stems
23
Q
What are stolons?
A
horizontal shoots that grow along the ground, often called runners
24
Q
give an example of stolons
A
strawberry plants or clovers
25
What are tubers?
enlarged ends of rhizomes & stolons. still is a stem
26
where would you find a tuber?
yams, potatoes if you don't eat them fast enough
27
What are leaves purpose?
1. main photosynethic organ
2. primary site of gas exchange
3. heat disspitation
4. predator defense
28
What are the leaf arrangements (the veins) in monocots and eudicots?
1. Monocots - parallel-grass blade
2. eudicots-branched
29
what pore in a leaf epidermis allows for gas exchange?
Stomata
30
Why are stomata's more common on the bottom(underside) of the leaf?
1. better regulation (guard cells do this)
2. prevents excess moisture loss
31
what is Mesophyll?
the ground tissue between upper and lower epidermis that consists of parenchyma cells and its the primary site of photosynthesis.
32
Where is the palisade mesophyll?
the upper part of the leaf that is tightly packed with elongated cells
33
What is spongy mesophyll?
on the lower part of the leaf with loosely arranged cells to allow for ample air space for gas circulation
34
What are tendrils and give an example
modified leaves used to attach and climb
green beans
35
what are spines and give an example
defensive structures made of modified leaves
cactus
36
List two cool leaf adaptations:
1. storage leaves (bulbs) that store food (onion)
2. reproductive leaves that produce adventitious plantlets that can disperse and take root (mother of thousands)
37
Why can't root and shoot systems not survive without the other vascular in plants?
Because vascular tissues provide structural support, sun, water, and nutrients
38
Shoots cannot survive without _ and _.
water and minerals
39
What is indeterminate growth and give an example
the ability of a plant to grow throughout its life
tomato plantW
40
Explain determinate growth
where an organ stops growing once it reaches a given size so if a deer ate the leaf, it won't grow back until next year
41
How do plants maintain indeterminate growth?
Through meristems that are constantly dividing with undifferentiated tissues
42
List the two types of meristems?
Apical
Lateral
43
What are apical stems key in?
the primary growth where shoots and roots elongate
44
Where are apical meristems located?
- axillary buds of shoots
- tips of roots & shoots in apical buds
- this allows it to grow long (length)
45
What are lateral meristems key in?
2nd growth where plants increase in diameter (width)
46
Where do lateral meristems grown in ?
Woody plants
47
What are the types of lateral meristems?
Vascular cambium
cork cambium
48
Where is vascular cambium located?
Inner
49
What does vascular cambium do?
Adds layers of vascular tissue called the secondary xylem & phloem
50
Where is cork cambium located?
Outer
51
what does cambium do?
Replaces the plant's epidermis with thicker and tougher periderm
52
What is primary growth produced by and in what plants?
1. apical meristems
2. herbaceous and woody plants
53
What is secondary growth produced by and in what plants?
1. lateral meristems
2. woody plants
54
What is a root cap?
protective cell layer on tip of root
55
What are the 3 primary growth zones behind the root cap?
1. zone of cell division
2. zone of cell elongation
3. zone of cell differentation
56
What is the zone of cell division?
includes root apical meristem and its derivatives
57
What is the zone of cell elongation?
cells grow in size and push the tip of the root further into the soil
58
What is the zone of cell differentiation?
where cells take on specific function (where root hairs start to form)
59
What is the endodermis?
innermost layer of the cortex that regulates the passage of substances from the soil into the vascular cyclinder
60
What does the cortex do?
1. stores carbohydrates (sugars)
2. aids in the transportation of water + minerals from root hairs to vascular cylinder
61
What is stele?
1. Root vascular cylinder consisting of solid core of xylem and phloem
2. in roots of angiosperms
3. interior to endodermis
4. different depending on eudicot or monocot
62
What do steles look like in eudicots?
1. Starlike configuration of xylem with phloem between arms
2. the stele is contained in root center
63
What do steles look like in monocots?
Core of parenchyma cells surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem tissues
64
What are pericycle?
the outermost layer of vascular cylinder that is interior to endodermis
can produce lateral roots
65
What gives rise to lateral roots?
the pericycle
66
What does the shoot of an apical meristem do?
mass divides cells on the tip of the shoot
67
What do leaf primodia do?
give rise to leaves
68
What is apical dominance?
restricting of the axillary bud due to proximity to active apical bud
69
Vascular cambium lays down __ to its inside and ___ to its outside
2nd xylem
2nd phloem
70
What are vascular rays?
Cells extending from vascular cambium into xylem and phloem. F
fluid conducting and support
71
what does cork cambium produce?
cork cells that replace the epidermis
72
What consists periderm layers?
cork cambium and the tissues it produces are cork
73
What is bark?
all tissues exterior to vascular cambrium
74
What is early wood?
Xylem (wood) produced in early summer that have thin walled cells maximized for water delivery
75
What is late wood?
Xylem (wood) produce in late summer that have thick cells walls for support but moves some water
76
What is Heartwood?
older, inner layers of xylem that do no transport xylem sap but provides structural support
77
what is xylem sap?
waters and minerals
78
What is sapwood?
newer, more outer layers of xylem that do transport water and minerals
79
What does secondary phloem do?
transports photosynthates (sugars)
