Chapter 26

Question 1

Plants evolved from ____

Answer 1

photosynthetic algae

Question 2

What are key traits found in different types of algae?

Answer 2

1. Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynethic autotrophs
2. cell walls are made of cellulose
3. contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll A & B

Question 3

What are some of the plant traits that are found in charophytes?

Answer 3

1. circular rings of proteins that synthesize cellulose
2. flagellated sperm similarly - structured

Question 4

What is the group of green algae called that exhibit some plant traits? (only found in this type!)

Answer 4

Charophytes

Question 5

What are 3 reasons its so great to live on land?

Answer 5

1. brighter sunlight
2. plentiful CO2 in atmosphere
3. abundant nutrients in the soil

Question 6

What 3 challenges made living on land difficult?

Answer 6

1. force of gravity
2. reliable water source
3. drying out

Question 7

What are the 4 key traits that appear in all land plants but are absent in charophytes?

Answer 7

1. Alternation of generations
2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
3. walled spores produced in sporangio
4. apical meristems

Question 8

What are Gametophyes?

Answer 8

Haploid (n) generation that produces haploid gametes (egg and sperm) by mitosis

Question 9

How many copies of chromosomes do gametophyes?

Answer 9

1

Question 10

What are sporophytes?

Answer 10

Diploid (2n) generation that produces haploid (n) spores by meiosis. Formed by the fusion of egg and sperm.

Question 11

The life cycles of plants alternate between two generations of ___ ___ organisms (gametophytes & sporophytes)

Answer 11

distinct, multicellular

Question 12

Plants are __ because the embryo is dependent on the parent

Answer 12

embryophytes

Question 13

The embryo is maintained within, protected by, and nourished by the ___ ____.

Answer 13

female gametophyte

Question 14

Sporophytes have multicellular organs called ____ which produced ___.

Answer 14

sporangia, spores

Question 15

The walls of spores contain ____

Answer 15

sporopollenin

Question 16

What is sporopollenin?

Answer 16

a polymer that protects spores from harsh environments and enables spores to disperse in air without drying out.

Question 17

What are apical meristems?

Answer 17

Localized regions of mitotic cell division that are found at the tips of booth roots & shoots in plants.

Question 18

Why do plants benefit from these regions?

Answer 18

Increases a plants exposure to resources
roots - deeper roots to access water and nutrient
height - can reach more sunlight

Question 19

What are stomata?

Answer 19

pores in epidermis of many plants. closes during hot and dry conditions to prevent water loss.

Question 20

What is the purpose of stomata? (not the water loss idea)

Answer 20

Since its a waxy cuticle, the pores open and close to allow CO2 & photosynthesis

Question 21

What is a cuticle?

Answer 21

The waxy outer layer covering the epidermis of some land plants.

Question 22

What does a cuticle do?

Answer 22

1. protection from pathogens, rocks, and debris
2. preventing water loss

Question 23

How did fungi get nutrient from soil if they did not have true roots and leaves back then?

Answer 23

Mycorrihizal relationships - symbiotic associations between fungi and plants.

Question 24

Fungi are ___ that absorb nutrients from the environment through filaments called __.

Answer 24

hetetrophs
hyphae

Question 25

What are 3 adaptations that fungi have that allow them to feed on other organisms and/or their dead remains?

Answer 25

1. hydrolytic enzymes
2. chitin
3. mycelium

Question 26

What are hydrolytic enzymes?

Answer 26

this is what fungi excrete in environments to break down food for absorption

Question 27

What is chitin?

Answer 27

the cell walls of fungi - which prevent it from bursting

Question 28

What is mycelium?

Answer 28

a dense interwoven mat of hyphae that is often highly branched to increase surface area

Question 29

What are the two types of mycorrhizal fungi?

Answer 29

1. arbuscular mycorrhizae
2. ectomycorrihzae